The Chapter 1 Student Notes Packet

1. __________ way of using ________ to learn about the Natural world 2. Body of _______ built up after years of research Section What is Science?

1. to investigate and understand the __________ 2. To _______ events in the Natural World 3. To use those ______to make useful __________ Section 1-1 What is the Goal of Science?

1. Usually begins with an __________ To make an observation you must use? 2. Using the five basic senses: Ex: _____ ______ _____ _____ _____ 3. These observations may lead to an Inference. What is an inference? An inference is ____________________ ___________________________________ Section 1-1 Section Outline What might be a Scientist’s most basic tools?

Observation v. Inference Provide 5 observations

Observation v. Inference Provide 5 observations

Cheating legally?? (Did he say cheating ???) Scientists commonly use Greek/Latin roots to make up words. Lets make a list of some: PrefixSuffix 1. Ab:not, abnormal 2. _______________ 3. _______________ 4. _______________ 5. _______________ 1. ology: study of, 2. _______________ 3. _______________ 4. _______________ 5. _______________

Biology The study of _______ _________ Sound smart call Living things _________

1.1 Using the Life’s “Levels of Organization” organize the following terms from least complex to most. HINT: start with Atom and end with Biosphere

Individual living thing Tissues, organs, and organ systems Smallest functional unit of life Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Bison Nervous tissue Nervous system Brain Nerve cell Water DNA Levels Of Organization

Biosphere The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Community and its nonliving surroundings Populations that live together in a defined area Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Biosphere Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Bison herd Levels of Organization

Question: Why is Tautuga alive?

I. Studying Life A.Characteristics of Living Things 1.Made Up of _________ 2._________ 3.Based on a _________ _________ 4.Growth and _________ 5.Need for Materials and _________ 6.Response to the Environment 7.Maintaining _________ _________ 8._________

What is not Evolution?

The Virus Conundrum Why is a virus not considered a living organism??

The Need for and The Need for _______ and ______ Each living cell has ways to _______ and ________ energy from its surroundingsEach living cell has ways to _______ and ________ energy from its surroundings Re: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! but Re: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! but ______________can synthesize their own food from simple raw materials.______________can synthesize their own food from simple raw materials. (autotrophs) (autotrophs) Ex: __________ __________ Ex: __________ __________ ________ Cannot synthesize their own food________ Cannot synthesize their own food (Heterotrophs) (Heterotrophs) Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERS Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERS

Producers Producers Making their own food 10% Rule Materials and Energy 10% Rule Consumers +Decomposers Energy Input Nutrient Cycles Energy output Energy loss

6. How do you Respond to the Environment ________ and the stimuli they receive allow controlled responses to be made: ________ and the stimuli they receive allow controlled responses to be made: __________ and_________,__________ and_________, harmful substances,harmful substances, Varying food supplies.Varying food supplies. _____________ refers to a state in which the conditions of the “_________ _________” are maintained within tolerable limits. _____________ refers to a state in which the conditions of the “_________ _________” are maintained within tolerable limits. Increased sugar causes insulin release, which stimulates cells to take up sugar.Increased sugar causes insulin release, which stimulates cells to take up sugar. Decreased blood sugar causes another hormone to call on stored sugar reserves.Decreased blood sugar causes another hormone to call on stored sugar reserves.

ALL living organisms must carry out Life Functions Nutrition Transport Respiration Excretion Synthesis Growth Regulation Reproduction life functions

What is the difference between a Theory and a Law? __________ ____- statement that describes some aspect of a phenomena of nature. Irrefutable: that is always true. ________: well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

What are some accepted Theories (once accepted)

The Cell The cell is the basic ______ __ _____. The cell is the basic ______ __ _____. Smallest living unit (that is known) Smallest living unit (that is known) Yet Scientists still Question: Yet Scientists still Question: VirusesViruses PrionPrion Most cells contain __________ (tiny organs) Most cells contain __________ (tiny organs) ________, ________, _________ ________, ________, _________

The Cell Theory Three Principles, The cell: 1. ________________________________ 2. ________________________________ 3._________________________________ Three Exceptions: 1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. Some self replicating organelles Chloroplast and mitochondria Chloroplast and mitochondria

Scientific Inquiry

Scientific Method A systematic approach to solving problems : 1. Defining the ____________ 2. Formulating a __________ 3. Testing the ____________ 4. Recording _____________ 5. State a ______________ (sometime edit your hypothesis)

1. Defining the problem 2. Hypothesis – a possible explanation for events. 3. Experimentation (Testing the hypothesis) a. _________________ (no change) a source for comparison b. _________________ (contains variables) *________________ Variable (Manipulated) *________________Variable (responding) #’s * Controlled Variables??? 4. State a conclusion How can you test your hypothesis

Manipulated and responding variablesvariables Section 1-2 Section Outline

Designing an Experiment Section 1-2 State the Problem Set Up a Controlled Experiment Analyze Results Publish Results Attempt to fill in the following

OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: __________________________________________ PROCEDURE Controlled Variables: ??? Manipulated Variables: ??? Uncovered jarsCovered jars Several days pass Responding Variable: ??? CONCLUSION: Section 1-2 Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation Use Do Now for help!!!!! Control Group Experimental Group

A Common Measurement System, 1. Metrics, (USE DINO PPT) B.Analyzing Biological Data Microscopes 1.Hand lens 2.Light Microscopes 3.Dissecting Microscope 4.Electron Microscopes 1.SEM 2.TEM C.Laboratory Techniques 1.Cell Cultures 2.Cell Fractionation D.Working Safely in Biology Section 1-4 Section Outline 1–4Tools and Procedures

Water Released and Absorbed by Tree Time Absorbed by Roots (g/h) Released by Leaves (g/h) 8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM Water released by leaves Water absorbed by roots Relative Rates (g/h) 20 Time AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM Section 1-4 Making a Graph From A Data Table A. Presenting data

Section 1-4 Base quantityNameSymbol _____meter_____ g Time_____ Temperature KelvinK A. System International (SI) base unit (metrics)

1-4B.Analyzing Biological Data Types of Microscopes 1. _________ ___ 2. _________ Microscope 3. _______ Microscopes 4. _______ Microscopes 1. SEM (scanning) 2. TEM (transmitting)

A. Simple microscopes 1. _________ ____ -Has 1 lens -Magnification: 1-10x -Used for field research -Inexpensive 2. _____ ____ -aka stereoscope -Has 2 lens -Magnification:10-40x -3d and cheap

3. Compound Light Microscope 1. Uses two lenses a) Ocular (eyepiece) 10x b) Objectives, -Low power (40x) -Medium power (100x) -High power (400x) 2. Magnifies 40x to 500x the original size 3. Light passes through object 4. Used to look at the whole cell and organelles like the nucleus and chloroplast

What is the math behind Magnification? X = Ocular magnification Objective magnification Total magnification (10x) Obj (40x)

Total Magnification: Magnifications: ocular 10x low power objective = 4x Medium objective = 10x high power objective = 40x SOOOoooo The low power magnification is? 40x The medium power magnification is? 100x The high power magnification is? 400x

Imagery: When placing a slide under the objective lens, the image appears: 1. -Magnified 2. -Upside down 3. -Inverted (backwards) Ex: e  F 

2. Electron Microscopes Using magnets and beams of electrons this microscope magnifies 250,000x Two types:.______ Allows for detailed observation of small organelles within the cell. Like the mitochondria and lysosomes.

Other Biological Tools 1. Centrifuge 2. micro dissection instruments 3. Stains 4. Indicators 5. The Scientific Method

Centrifuge Tool used to separate cell parts based on density and centripetal force.

Micro dissection Instruments Tools used to perform dissection of individual cells or the removal of cell organelles. Most commonly used with the Electron microscope (greatest magnification).

Staining Techniques The use of solutions to make it more possible for an observer to see structures of a cell easier under a microscope 1. Iodine- used primarily to stain nucleus of animal cell. 2. Methylene blue- used primarily to view chloroplasts and the cell wall of a plant cell. 1 2

Indicators: Designed to detect specific materials INDICATORS DETECTS Iodine/ Lugols solution  Starch Benedicts solution  Glucose Biuret solution  Proteins Bromomethyl blue  Carbon dioxide and Lime water Litmus paper  acids or bases