Anatomy and Physiology, Seventh Edition Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University Philip Tate Phoenix College Chapter 01 Lecture Outline* *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 1 The Human Organism Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 1 The Human Organism

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Topics of Anatomy Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope Regional: studied area by area Systemic: studied system by system Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope Cytology: cellular anatomy Histology: study of tissues

Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things Considers operations of specific organ systems Cell physiology: examines processes in cells Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

Structural & Functional Organizations Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Structural & Functional Organizations Chemical Level: interaction of atoms Cell Level: functional unit of life Tissue Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together Organism Level: any living thing.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organs of the Body

Organ Systems of the Body Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

Characteristics of Life Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells Development: changes in an organism over time Differentiation: change from general to specific Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

Homeostasis Values of variables fluctuate Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Homeostasis Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values. Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable. What is the set point for body temperature?

Feedback Systems Two types: negative and positive Components Receptor: monitors the value of some variable Control center: establishes the set point Effector: can change the value of the variable Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor Response: produced by the effector

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Negative Feedback Any deviation from the set point is made smaller (resisted) Examples: regulation of blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels

Example of Negative Feedback Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Example of Negative Feedback

Changes in B.P. During Exercise Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Changes in B.P. During Exercise

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Positive Feedback When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases

Terminology and Body Plan Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Terminology and Body Plan Anatomical Position Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward Other Body Positions Supine: lying face upward Prone: lying face downward Directional Terms Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) toward or away from the head Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline Proximal vs. Distal used to describe linear structures Superficial vs. Deep relative to the surface of the body

Terminology and Body Plan (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Terminology and Body Plan (cont.) Directional Terms (cont.) Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Body Parts and Regions

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Body Parts and Regions

Abdominal Subdivisions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Abdominal Subdivisions

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Body Planes Median (through the midline) and Sagittal (same plane, but to the left or right of median Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections Oblique: Other than at a right angle

Planes of Section Through an Organ Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Planes of Section Through an Organ Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ Oblique: cut at any but a right angle

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Trunk Cavities Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

Serous Membranes Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line the cavity Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Serous Membranes Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line the cavity Fist represents an organ Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes Inflammation of the serous membranes

Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs Pericardium refers to heart. Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity

Imaging Techniques Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Ultrasound (US) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Computed Tomography (CT Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.