CHAPTER 3 Global Changes Reshape Colonial America 1680–1750

Middle Colonies, 1685

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson Dutch most aggressive European traders New Netherlands—two settlements Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany) New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen different languages in use by 1644 1664—colony captured by English fleet Dutch could keep property

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson Area given to king’s brother, James, Duke of York Property included New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and islands Duke’s laws guaranteed religious toleration and created local government Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level

Confusion in New Jersey James gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret Some land titles already given by New York Confusion over who had right to grant land and organize government Berkeley split colony by selling out to Quaker group Reunited in 1702 as single royal colony

Quakers in America Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers Quakers believed no need for a formal ministry; each person’s interpretation of scripture is equally valid “Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord” Members called sect “Society of Friends”

Quaker Beliefs and Practice Founder: George Fox (1624–1691) Believed in “Inner Light” Rejected predestination; anyone could be saved Emphasized values of humility, simplicity, and pacifism Quakers persecuted as dangerous anarchists

William Penn

Penn’s “Holy Experiment” Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker leader Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, ensuring ocean access “Holy Experiment”—a society run on Quaker principles Promoted religious toleration Balance of power between rich and poor Political structure failed because it was too cumbersome

Settling Pennsylvania Penn’s income came from land sales to settlers Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany Diversity caused conflict Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker ideals 1701—Charter of Liberties Self-rule to Pennsylvania Separated Delaware

The Carolinas and Georgia

Proprietors of the Carolinas Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight “proprietors” to reward loyalty Tried to recruit settlers from established American colonies Few inhabitants in first years

The Barbadian Connection Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged settlement by planters from Barbados Barbadians settled around Charleston, recreated plantation system of Barbados Rice eventually became the staple crop Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina drawn up by John Locke Rejected by population that desired greater self-government

The Barbadian Connection French Huguenot settlers opposed Barbadians 1719—last governor appointed by proprietors overthrown 1729—king takes over and splits the colony into northern and southern halves

The Founding of Georgia Georgia founded in 1732 James Oglethorpe’s ideas Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from England Originally rum and slaves prohibited, landowning capped Oglethorpe’s ideas unpopular and repealed by 1751

England’s Principal Mainland Colonies

Living with Diversity All colonies faced early struggle to survive Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period Challenge of the eighteenth century was how to create unity out of that diversity

The Structure of Planter Society: The Gentry Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealth Large landowners had to have labor under their control Great planters few but dominant Arrived with capital to invest in workers Amassed huge tracts of land Gentry intermarried and become colony’s elite leaders 10

The Structure of Planter Society: The Freemen The largest class in Chesapeake society Most freed at the end of indenture Lived on the edge of poverty

The Structure of Planter Society: Indentured Servants Servitude a temporary status Conditions harsh Servants regarded their bondage as slavery Planters feared rebellion

The Structure of Planter Society: Post-1680s Stability Before 1680, the rank of gentry was open to people with capital Demographic shift after 1680 created Creole elite Ownership of slaves consolidated planter wealth and position Freemen found advancement more difficult

The Structure of Planter Society: A Dispersed Population Large-scale tobacco cultivation required: Extensive landholdings Ready access to water-borne commerce Result: population dispersed along great tidal rivers Virginia a rural society devoid of towns Education system seen as unnecessary and got little attention 11

Race and Freedom in British America Native Americans decimated by disease European indentured servant pool waned after 1660 Enslaved Africans filled demand for labor 12

Roots of Slavery First Africans came to Virginia in 1619 Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for fifty years 13

Roots of Slavery Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 prompted stricter slave laws Africans defined as slaves for life Slave status passed on to children White masters possessed total control of slave life and labor Mixing of races not tolerated 13

Origins and Destinations of African Slaves, 1619–1760 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1. This image was created in 1789, shortly after the adoption of the American Constitution and in the midst of worldwide revolutionary sentiment about the cause of human freedom. How might this context have influenced the strategies of British abolitionists in using this document? (Answer: The image shows captured Africans physically had no freedom. If people who believed in liberty and freedom saw it, they could have reasoned that slavery was against liberty and therefore inhuman. The image implies that white slave traders were holding back the cause of freedom, both for Africans and worldwide.) 2. Why might Figures IV and V have been particularly effective at garnering sympathy for African slaves? (Answer: Figures IV and V show how humans were treated as cargo, as things, and stuffed into tight spaces on the ship. They show the inhumane conditions of slavery most vividly.)

Constructing African American Identities: Geography’s Influence Slave experience differed from colony to colony 60% of South Carolina’s population black Nearly half of Virginia’s population black Blacks much less numerous in New England and the Middle Colonies 14

Constructing African American Identities: African Initiatives Older black population tended to look down on recent arrivals from Africa All Africans participated in creating an African American culture Required an imaginative reshaping of African and European customs. By 1720, African population and culture were self-sustaining © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Constructing African American Identities: Slave Resistance Widespread resentment of debased status Armed resistance such as South Carolina’s Stono Rebellion of 1739 a threat Black mariners linked African American communities and brought news of outside world to American slaves 16

Colonial Products

Rise of a Commercial Empire English leaders ignored colonies until 1650s Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized value of colonial trade Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, glean revenue from commerce 17

Response to Economic Competition “Mercantilism” One country’s gain is another country’s loss Countries gain power by control of world’s scarce resources English trade regulations more ad hoc responses to particular problems than coherent mercantilist policy

Response to Economic Competition Varieties of motivation Crown wanted money English merchants wanted to exclude Dutch Parliament wanted stronger navy— encouraged domestic shipbuilding industry Most people preferred more exports, fewer imports

Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 Ships engaged in English colonial trade Must be made in England (or America) Must carry a crew at least 75% English Enumerated goods only to English ports 1660—list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dyes, ginger 1704–1705—list also included molasses, rice, naval stores 18

Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 Effects Encouraged shipbuilding in England Made it harder for rivals to get certain goods Generated revenue for the crown 18

Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663 The Staple Act Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through England Increased price paid by colonial consumers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19

Regulating Colonial Trade: Implementing the Acts Navigation Acts aimed at removing Dutch role in English commerce Planters hurt by Navigation Acts New England merchants skirted laws English revisions tightened loopholes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20

Regulating Colonial Trade: Implementing the Acts 1696—Admiralty Courts and Board of Trade created Navigation Acts eventually benefited colonial merchants © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20

Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 English colonies experienced unrest at the end of the seventeenth century Unrest not social revolution but a contest between gentry “ins” and “outs” Winners gained legitimacy for their rule © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21

1. Does the labor in this image from a surveyor’s map seem difficult or easy? What evidence supports your conclusion? (Answer: Relatively easy—only slaves carrying indigo seem to be doing heavy labor, but they do not appear to be struggling; work can be done with only a few slaves; no violence or coercion seems necessary.) 2. Why would Mouzon choose to portray indigo production as effortless? (Answer: To get potential planters to buy land, equipment, and slaves to grow indigo (since he was a surveyor he would profit from land sales); perhaps to demonstrate that enslavement of African Americans and forced labor was not cruel; perhaps to indirectly recruit rich slave owners to move to South Carolina to increase the colony’s wealth.)