By Oscar Grainger and Sarah Kelly

 Agriculture: the growth of plants or animals in order to produce food for sale at a marketplace  Subsistence Farming: when a farmer can only grow enough to feed his/her family. (mainly in LDC’s)  Commercial Farming: when a farmer grows food to sell at grocery stores or market places. (mainly in MDC’s)  Shifting Cultivation: rotating fields in order to let soil replenish nutrients.  Pastoralism: subsistence agriculture involving the herding and breeding of animals to produce necessities.  Ranching: raising of animals on a plot of land they graze.  Dairying: growth of milk based products.

 Humans first started as hunter gatherers.  Humans first learned to grow plants in southeast Asia, then those ideas diffused North and East.  First Agricultural Revolution: ◦ About 12,000 years ago ◦ Human development using seeds with farms and animals ◦ The use of seeds and animals led to the depletion of hunter gatherers.  Second Agricultural Revolution: ◦ Feudal village farming grew after the fall of the Roman Empire ◦ In an open-lot system, farmers worked their lands to feed their families. ◦ Capitalism grew leading to the fall of feudalism and village farmlands.

 Farmers producing food to sell at the marketplace.  Includes mixed crop, livestock, ranching and grain production.  Most income comes from sale of animals.  Primarily located in MDC’s.  Located in Europe and Northern America.  Use more technology in the fields.

 Farmers producing food to feed their family.  More than 50% of the world’s farmers are subsistence farmers.  Use more manual labor equipment.  Use shifting cultivation in smaller fields. wRw_ORj-Q

 Rotating fields in order to let soil replenish nutrients.  Often found in tropical zones such as African Rainforests, Amazon Rainforest, and southeast Asia.  Slash and burn is a common technique used by farmers. (Cutting all plants and burning remains to create a new plot).  Crops used with Shifting Cultivation ◦ Upland rice (Southeast Asia) ◦ Maize (South America) ◦ Manioc (South America) ◦ Millet (Africa ◦ Sorghum (Africa)

 Model explaining where and why different agricultural practices would take place around a city’s marketplace.  Compares cost of land vs. cost of transportation.  Assumed only one central city/marketplace where farmers sell their products.

 Started in 19 th century North America.  Led to the new technologies that increased food supply.  3 Phases ◦ Chemical farming ◦ Mechanization ◦ Global widespread food production

 Combination of food production, processing plants, packagers, fertilizers, and advertisers.  Five Central Sectors ◦ Inputs ◦ Production ◦ Processing ◦ Distribution ◦ Consumption  Four external mediating forces ◦ State ◦ International trade ◦ Physical Environment ◦ Credit/finance

 Began in the 1940’s and 1950’s.  Phase of the 3 rd agricultural revolution.  Hybrid seeds and fertilizers were invented and increased crop output.  Increased protection against pests and infestations.  Introduction of “miracle wheat seed” in 1970 by Norman Borlaug.  Food production outpaced population growth.  Led to food movements such as Organic foods, and fast food.

 An organism with modified DNA in a lab instead of cross- pollination.  Legal in the US and considered safe until proven otherwise.  Viewed as unsafe in Europe and European countries won’t accept genetically modified organisms from the US.  Criticized because it may lead to negative effects on human health  Despite the criticism, it’s supported due to the ability to produce in such large numbers 6ZtfP9ZQ