Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Industrial Distributed Systems Technology overview Technology overview Important features Important features Applications Applications

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Program Centralized and distributed systemsCentralized and distributed systems ISO-OSI model, LANs and FieldbusesISO-OSI model, LANs and Fieldbuses Fieldbus configurationsFieldbus configurations Protocol layers, functionality and implementationProtocol layers, functionality and implementation Important communication parameters, influence of external disturbancesImportant communication parameters, influence of external disturbances Available standards and how to select the right oneAvailable standards and how to select the right one Interesting applicationsInteresting applications

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Centralized System complex wiringcomplex wiring low flexibilitylow flexibility higher sensitivity to disturbanceshigher sensitivity to disturbances all data processing on placeall data processing on place “dumb” sensors“dumb” sensors data from sensors are always availabledata from sensors are always available

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Distributed System simple wiringsimple wiring high flexibilityhigh flexibility higher immunity to external disturbanceshigher immunity to external disturbances intelligent sensors and actuatorsintelligent sensors and actuators data availability limited by communication parametersdata availability limited by communication parameters

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Communication Pyramid

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Communication Networks

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement ISO - OSI Model LAN protocol layers Fieldbus protocol layers

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Protocol Layer Interfaces Any layer provides services to the layer and requests for services the layer below

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement LANs Fieldbuses High bit-ratesHigh bit-rates Long framesLong frames High overheadHigh overhead Stochastic Medium Access Control (Eth.)Stochastic Medium Access Control (Eth.) Long or undefined response timeLong or undefined response time Error recovery implemented in softwareError recovery implemented in software Designed for office environmentDesigned for office environment Lower bit-ratesLower bit-rates Short framesShort frames Low overheadLow overhead Deterministic Medium Access ControlDeterministic Medium Access Control Short and defined response timeShort and defined response time Error recovery implemented in hardwareError recovery implemented in hardware Designed for industrial environmentDesigned for industrial environment

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement ISO - OSI Model – Physical Layer  defines the communication channel medium (wire, fiber …) and its parameters (e.g. line impedance)  defines connectors (not typical in automotive industry)  defines physical signaling and channel coding  defines modulation type and parameters (where applicable)

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement ISO - OSI Model – Link Layer  defines the way the information is transmitted within the system  typically consists of two sublayers - MAC (Medium Access Control) and LLC (Logical Link Control)  defines the frame format, error detection method, addressing method …

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement ISO - OSI Model – Network Layer  defines the way the information is transmitted among the systems - routing  typically it is not used in local vehicle control networks  used in global networks (the vehicle can be a node)  IP (Internet Protocol) can be an example

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement ISO - OSI Model – Transport Layer  it can change the communication from  connectionless to connection oriented  unreliable to reliable  not used in local vehicle control networks  used in global networks (the vehicle can be a node)  TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) can be an example

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement ISO - OSI Model – Session Layer  creates, controls and discards sessions  not used in local vehicle control networks  used in global networks (the vehicle can be a node)  example: Internet access from the car requires to create and keep the session between the local node and Internet provider Internet access from the car requires to create and keep the session between the local node and Internet provider

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement ISO - OSI Model – Presentation Layer  it codes and decodes data for the communicating parties to understand each other  byte ordering  numbers coding  character coding  example: the text recoding is required if two nodes use different internal character coding (e.g. ASCII and UNICODE) the text recoding is required if two nodes use different internal character coding (e.g. ASCII and UNICODE)

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement ISO - OSI Model – Application Layer  provides high-level services for application programs write variablewrite variable read variableread variable ….….

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Typical Fieldbus Configurations Bus - CAN, Profibus, Bitbus, Foundation Bus - CAN, Profibus, Bitbus, Foundation Fieldbus, Measurement Bus Fieldbus, Measurement Bus

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Typical Fieldbus Configurations Tree - AS Interface Tree - AS Interface

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Typical Fieldbus Configurations Ring - Interbus, P-Net Ring - Interbus, P-Net

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Physical Layer Protocols Physical topology Physical topology Physical medium, connectors Physical medium, connectors Signaling levels Signaling levels Channel coding, bit stuffing Channel coding, bit stuffing Transmitter and receiver parameters Transmitter and receiver parameters Segment length Segment length Number of repeaters Number of repeaters

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Link Layer Protocols MAC - Medium Access Control MAC - Medium Access Control Master - Slave Master - Slave Bus Arbiter Bus Arbiter Token Passing Token Passing CSMA CSMA LLC - Logical Link Control LLC - Logical Link Control Frame encoding Frame encoding Error checking Error checking Receipt confirmation Receipt confirmation Addressing Addressing

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Link Layer Addressing Node oriented addressing Node oriented addressing Profibus, Measurement Bus, AS Interface Profibus, Measurement Bus, AS Interface Message oriented addressing Message oriented addressing CAN - CANopen, Device Net CAN - CANopen, Device Net I/O frame oriented addressing I/O frame oriented addressing Interbus Interbus

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Link Layer Error Checking Frame format errors Frame format errors delimiters delimiters defined value bits defined value bits Information bits errors Information bits errors CRC, parity check, check sum CRC, parity check, check sum Channel Coding errors Channel Coding errors bit stuffing errors bit stuffing errors

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Application Layer Protocols Remote service Remote service

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Application Layer Protocols Local service Local service

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement User Layer Protocols Communication and Device Profiles Communication and Device Profiles Special control frames Special control frames Timing frames Timing frames Device objects Device objects Number and types Number and types Access permissions Access permissions

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Well Known Fieldbus Standards CAN (CANopen, Device Net, SDS) CAN (CANopen, Device Net, SDS) Foundation Fieldbus Foundation Fieldbus Profibus Profibus LON LON BITBUS BITBUS Interbus Interbus ASI ASI HART HART M Bus M Bus Measurement Bus Measurement Bus

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement How to Select a Suitable Fieldbus? New project or reconstruction New project or reconstruction Type of the automation task Type of the automation task Components availability Components availability Future extension possibilities Future extension possibilities Total system costs Total system costs Environmental parameters Environmental parameters Open standard or proprietary solution Open standard or proprietary solution

Jiří Novák, CTU FEE in Prague, Dept. of Measurement Interesting Applications Car systems control (CAN)Car systems control (CAN) Building automation (LON, EIB)Building automation (LON, EIB) Petrol station automation (EPSI)Petrol station automation (EPSI) Utility meters (Meter Bus)Utility meters (Meter Bus) Airplane systems control (Arinc)Airplane systems control (Arinc)