Mitosis & Meiosis

Mitosis Review Cell makes a copy of itself 1) Copy its DNA (part of a chromosome). 2) Copies are separated & sorted into two sides of the cell. 3) The cell then splits in two. 4) Part of each parent is carried to the two new cells. 5) Two EXACT daughter cells (same number of chromosomes) Examples: skin, bones, internal organs

Meiosis – Sexual Reproduction Cell division that forms gametes (egg and sperm cells) Gametes have half the # of chromosomes. Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II). Part of each parent is carried to the four new cells. Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some chromosomal differences.

Each resulting cell still has chromosomes from Mom & Dad Mitosis: Meiosis: Each resulting cell still has chromosomes from Mom & Dad

Tips MITosis takes one cell and Makes It Two Meiosis has to do with sex From the cell’s point of view: mITosis results in Identical Twins CELLS mEioSis results in Egg and Sperm

Homologous Chromosomes Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape and size. Homologous pairs carry genes controlling the same inherited traits. Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. a. 22 pairs of autosomes b. 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes sister chromatids paternal maternal Tetrad

Homologous Chromosomes eye color locus hair color Paternal Maternal

Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.

Autosomes (The Autosomes code for most of the offspring’s traits) In Humans the “Autosomes” are sets 1 - 22

In Humans the “Sex Chromosomes” are the 23rd set Sex Chromosomes The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring. Two “X” chromosomes = female. One “X” chromosome and one “Y” chromosome = male. In Humans the “Sex Chromosomes” are the 23rd set XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

Cell Division in Sex Cells Interphase I Meiosis I and Meiosis 2 Similar to Mitosis EXCEPT changes in chromosomes

Interphase I Similar to mitosis interphase. Chromosomes replicate (S phase). Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres.

Meiosis I (four phases) Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one-half. Four phases: a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. anaphase I d. telophase I

Prophase I centrioles spindle fiber TETRAD

Prophase I Homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad. Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).

Homologous chromosomes sister chromatids paternal maternal Tetrad

Prophase 1 – Crossing Over Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid. Crossing over causes variation

Crossing Over - variation Tetrad nonsister chromatids chiasmata: site of crossing over variation

Metaphase I Tetrads align on the in center of cell on spindle INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS: 1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random. 2. Variation OR

Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles. Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

Telophase I Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.

Meiosis II No interphase II Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

Prophase II same as prophase in mitosis

Metaphase II same as metaphase in mitosis

Anaphase II same as anaphase in mitosis sister chromatids separate

Telophase II Four haploid daughter cells produced gametes = sperm or egg

2n diploid n haploid n haploid

Spermatogenesis n=23 n=23 2n=46 sperm haploid (n) meiosis II human sex cell diploid (2n) n=23 meiosis I

Oogenesis

Fertilization n=23 egg 2n=46 zygote The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote. A zygote is a fertilized egg n=23 egg sperm n=23 2n=46 zygote

Variation Important to population as the raw material for natural selection. Question: What are the three sexual sources of genetic variation?

Answer: Remember: variation is good! 1. crossing over (prophase I) 2. independent assortment (metaphase I) 3. random fertilization Remember: variation is good!

Question: A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?

Answer: 10 chromosomes (haploid)

Question: A cell containing 40 chromatids at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?

Answer: 10 chromosomes

Meiosis animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0&NR=1