Accelerated World History AUGUST 31, 2015

Warm-Up: August 31, 2015 What inspired Asoka to convert to Buddhism? A.an encounter with a Buddhist monk on the way to battle B.two months of meditation in the wilderness C.sorrow over the slaughter at Kalinga D.his son's Buddhist teacher

Agenda ◦Warm Up ◦Indo-Europeans ◦Hinduism & Buddhism Don’t forget! ◦Reading – Chapter 3 & 7 (Guided Reading due Thursday) ◦Test – Thursday (Study Guide Due Thursday!)

How does conquest affect culture?

Early India Develops CH. 3, SEC. 1 (PP )

Setting the Stage Remember, the Indus River Valley civilizations ended around 1750 B.C. ◦Probably due to earthquakes ~1500 B.C., nomads (traveling hunter/gatherers) from the north called Aryans settled in northern India & revitalized Indian culture ◦It is during the time of the Aryans and the following years that modern Indian culture really started to develop ◦Ex. Religion, social structures, gender relations, etc.

Aryans Migrate into India The Aryans came from the northwest (near the Caspian Sea) & migrated (moved from one region to another) into the Indus River Valley ◦Historians are unsure why they migrated They left almost no archeological records (bones, fossils, etc.), but did leave four major works of writing known as the Vedas ◦Collections of prayers, magical spells, ritual instructions, etc. ◦Largest was the Rig Veda which contained 1,028 hymns to Aryan gods

Rigveda (padapatha) manuscript in Devanagari

A Caste System Develops The Aryans created a strict social structure that divided society according to skin color (Varnas) Lighter skinned people had higher places in society than darker skinned people Caste (class) system ◦Determined your job, who you could marry, who you could eat with, etc. ◦Permanent (for life) ◦4 Classes ◦Priests (Brahmins) ◦Rulers and warriors ◦Peasants and traders ◦Laborers ◦The “Untouchables” were so low in society that they weren’t even included in the caste system ◦Seen as impure (dirty) because of their line of work ◦Included butchers, garbage collectors, gravediggers, etc.

Untouchables in India

Slums in India

“Doctors… Lawyers… never get past 60 thousand rupees (Indian currency). He’s won 10 million. What could a slumdog possibly know?”

Aryan Kingdoms Move South Around 1000 B.C., the Aryans began to build kingdoms by expanding south into the rest of modern India & Pakistan (the Indian Subcontinent) As the Aryans moved south they fought many battles, creating an atmosphere of violence & confusion in India ◦As a result, people began to question their role in the world leading the way for religions such as Hinduism & Buddhism to arise

What is Hinduism? A Collection of religious beliefs Not founded by one person/individual A religion that allows for great variety for its followers

The Hindu Class System Also called the varna Rooted in traditions of the Aryan people High priests determine class order Vedas are sacred literature including: 4 collections of prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals

“The Hymn of Man” from the Rig-Veda “When they divided the Man, into how many parts did they apportion him? What do they call his mouth, his two arms, and thighs and feet? His mouth became the Brahmin; his arms were made into the Warrior, his thighs the People, and from his feet the Servants were born.” (Rig-Veda, ,12)

The Hindu Caste System “The Hymn of Man” divides society into four distinct classes or castes A person’s caste is based on their occupation 1. Brahmin = Priests (mouth) 2. Shatriyas = warriors & rulers (arms) 3. Vaishyas = skilled workers & farmers (thighs) 4. Shudras = laborers (feet) Untouchables were considered outcasts in society or out of the caste system

A devout Brahmin

The Soul in Hinduism Each individual has a soul The Brahman is the larger soul which brings together all individual souls Each person’s goal is to become free of desire and not bothered by suffering; then…

Reincarnation The Hindu belief that a soul is born again into another body after death This provides the soul with another chance to improve and “learn it’s lesson” Behavior in a past life will influence the next life, this is Karma Karma = good or bad deeds/actions

Karma

Other Hindu Beliefs Dharma = ultimate moral balance of ALL things, belongs to the universe and the individual; however if an individual goes astray they suffer the consequences of their Karma= the belief that a person experiences the affects of his or her actions “What goes around comes around” or “You reap what you sow.” Is there hope for happiness???...

Other Hindu Beliefs Cont’d Samsara is commonly known as reincarnation in the western world. It is the cycle of life, death and rebirth that presents an individual an opportunity to become balanced…once purified there is another realm Moksha is a state of perfect understanding of all things

Buddhism also developed

Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama’s Quest: as a young man born into a noble family he was isolated in the palace to fulfill the prophecy of becoming a world leader At age 29, he ventured outside the palace to experience a world he had never seen

Siddhartha’s Quest He ventured outside the palace 4 times: he saw an old man, next a sick man, then a corpse, and finally a wandering holy man who seemed at peace with himself

Siddhartha’s Quest Cont’d Siddhartha believed these events meant that every living thing experiences old-age, sickness, and death Only a religious life could offer refuge from inevitable suffering He spent the next 6 years wandering around India looking for enlightenment

Siddhartha

Enlightenment

Siddhartha meditated for 49 days He achieved an understanding of the cause of suffering From then on, he was known as the Buddha meaning “the enlightened one” Buddha preached his beliefs so that all people could attain enlightenment

To find Enlightenment… Main ideas, called the Four Noble Truths First Noble Truth: Life is filled with suffering and sorrow Second Noble Truth: The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world Third Noble Truth: The way to end all suffering is to end all desires Fourth Noble Truth: The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial

Four Noble Truths

Eightfold Path Guide to Behavior “What is the Middle Way?... It is the Noble Eightfold Path- Right Views, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This is the Middle Way.” (Buddha, from Samyutta Nikaya)

NIRVANA By following the Eightfold Path, ANYONE could reach a release from selfishness and pain a.k.a. NIRVANA Believed in reincarnation until Nirvana the final goal was achieved

Nirvana