Environmental Biology

 Mining copper: nonrenewable  Burning coal: nonrenewable  Filling a car with gasoline: nonrenewable  Building wooden furniture: renewable

Overhunting of large mammals Hunter-gatherers Growth of cities Industrial revolution Shift in the use of fossil fuels Industrial revolution Improved quality of life Industrial revolution Plants & animals were domesticated Agricultural revolution Most of today’s environmental problems began Industrial revolution

1. Gather information 2. Consider values 3. Explore consequences 4. Make a decision

Is it right to build a dam here? Ethical/moral How many jobs will building the dam generate? Economic Will the dam provide new leisure activities? Recreational

United StatesDeveloped EthiopiaDeveloping BritainDeveloped Canadadeveloped

6 Important because humans depend on other organisms for food and oxygen Biodiversity 7 Describes the conflict between individuals & society Tragedy of the Commons 8 Amount of land & ocean needed to support one person Ecological footprint 9 Characterized by the indefinite existence of human populations in a healthy & prosperous condition Sustainable world 10 The number & variety of species living on Earth biodiversity

11 Would occur if supply of oil declined & the demand remained the same Price increases 12 “Tragedy of the Commons” addresses the conflicts with protecting what? Shared resources 13 Listing both the merits and expenses involved in implementing a particular environmental solution Cost/benefit analysis 14 Which field of study does NOT contribute to environmental science? linguistics

 Coral reef: ecosystem  Vacant lot: ecosystem  Utility pole: not an ecosystem

 Bacteria inside a person’s body: not a population  People at a football game: POPULATION  All the trees in a forest: not a population  All maple trees in a forest: POPULATION  All animals in a forest: not a population

3 The place an organism lives Habitat 4 Made up of the different populations of living things in the same area Community 5 In order for evolution to occur, what must individuals with a trait that is naturally selected for do? Reproduce 6 Number of kingdoms 6 7 Converts nitrogen in the air into a form plants can use bacteria

8 Examples include air, soil & temperature Abiotic factors 9 Members of the same species living in the same place at the same time Population 10 Examples include insects, leaves, roots Biotic factors 11 Two kingdoms that contain organisms that can use energy from the sun to make food Plants & protists 12 Can organisms adapt to their physical surroundings? Yes 13 Can organisms adapt to other organisms? Yes

14 Process of 2 species changing genetically in response to long term interactions with each other Coevolution 15 Thick fur on a deer is an example of a what? Adaptation 16 Important function of bacteria and fungi in an environment Breakdown dead organisms 17 If an organism has a gene that protects it from a chemical, it is ____ to that chemcial? resistant

 Winter storms: density independent  Disease: density dependent  Predators: density dependent

 A predator usually kills and eats its prey

3 The number of individuals of a population per unit area Density 4 Dramatic growth in a population Exponential 5 Has the greatest effect on reproductive potential Reproducing earlier in life 6 May cause their hosts to become more vulnerable to predators Parasites

7 Determines the carrying capacity of an environment for a particular species Limiting resource 8 3 main properties used to describe a population Size, density, dispersion 9 An organism’s niche & habitat are the same thing FALSE

Type of InteractionSpecies ASpecies B MutualismBenefits CommensalismBenefitsUnaffected PredationBenefitsHarmed ParasitismBenefitsHarmed CompetitionHarmedharmed

1 Family whitetail deer belong to Cervidae 2 PA’s most common venomous snake Copperhead 3 How often do bucks grow & shed a new set of antlers? Yearly 4 Largest of PA’s venomous snakes Timber rattler 5 Skin that covers growing antlers on deer velvet