The Immune System Second Edition Peter Parham The Immune System Second Edition Chapter 1 Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense Copyright © 2005 by Garland Science Publishing

Figure 1-1 Vaccine induced strong immunity Most humans vaccinated Humans are the only host

Figure 1-2

Pneumocystis carinii– 720X Schistosoma mansoni – 5X Figure 1-3 part 1 of 4 Trypanosoma brucei– 1750X protozoan Pneumocystis carinii– 720X Fungus-SIDS Schistosoma mansoni – 5X worm

Epidermophyton floccosum– 500X Figure 1-3 part 2 of 4 HIV– 80,000X virus influenza– 40,000X virus Epidermophyton floccosum– 500X Fungus-ringworm

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Staphylococcus aureus– 5,000X Figure 1-3 part 3 of 4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – 15,000X bacteria Candida albicans– 1,400X fungus Staphylococcus aureus– 5,000X bacteria

Figure 1-3 part 4 of 4 Salmonella enteritidis Streptococcus pyogenes – 6,500X bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes – 6,500X bacteria Listeria monocytogenes– 1,250X Intracellular bacteria

Red-mucosal membranes Figure 1-4 Entry points Blue – barriers Red-mucosal membranes

Innate Immune Response Figure 1-5 Innate Immune Response

Innate Immune Response – Inflammation Figure 1-6

Immune Response 1 2 Figure 1-7

Figure 1-8 Acquired/protective Immunity Selection of correct Lymphocyte Development of Immunological Memory Figure 1-8

Types of Hematopoietic Cells Figure 1-9 part 1 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 3 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 4 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 5 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6

Where do these cells develop? Figure 1-10

Figure 1-11

Figure 1-12

Figure 1-13 Pus

Engulf and degrade agents Macrophages Engulf and degrade agents Secrete cytokines Figure 1-14

Stem cells (bone marrow) Figure 1-15 B cells remain and mature T cells leave and mature in the thymus Lymphatics collect lymph(plasma) and return to blood via thoracic duct through subclavian vein Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

Figure 1-16 Every minute – 5 million lymphocytes leave the blood and enter the secondary lymphoid tissues

Figure 1-17

Figure 1-18

Figure 1-19 Filters the blood -removes old red blood cells -acts as a lymph node and filters pathogens from the blood Figure 1-19

GALT - Process pathogens in these areas Figure 1-20 BALT - bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue MALT - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Adaptive Immunity - Vertebrates Figure 1-21

Antigen - material that is antigenic - induces an immune response Epitope – AA seq/structure of antigen against which response directed Figure 1-22

Gene rearrangement immunoglobulins T-cell receptors Figure 1-23

Figure 1-24 B Cells recognize native proteins T Cells recognize peptides when presented via receptors called major histocompatibility complex molecules - MHC

intracellular extracellular Figure 1-25 From intracellular extracellular molecules/pathogens

Intracellular antigens MHC Class I Intracellular antigens Figure 1-26

Extracellular antigens MHC Class II Extracellular antigens Figure 1-27

Selection against self - Figure 1-28 Selection for self - must match MHC I/MHC II Selection against self - must not match self antigens

Figure 1-29 How do antibodies work?

Figure 1-30

The six remaining polio-endemic countries are: Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Niger, Afghanistan and Egypt. As at 24 August 2004, this year there have been 602 cases reported globally, in the following endemic countries: Nigeria (476 cases), India (34), Pakistan (23), Niger (19), Afghanistan (3), Egypt (1). Down from over 125 when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988. Epidemiologists from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative today confirmed the reinfection of Guinea and Mali, as well as three new cases in the Darfur region of the Sudan. Figure 1-31

Unwanted immune responses Figure 1-32 Unwanted immune responses -allergies

Unwanted immune responses -autoimmunity Figure 1-33

Figure 1-34