The importance of religion in The Handmaid’s Tale

Epigraph Epigraph = a poem, quotation, phrase at start of a work, in this case inviting comparison and establishing context Genesis, 30: 1-3 Old Testament story about surrogate mothers on whom the story is based. Bilhah = Rachel’s handmaid It provides the biblical precedents for sexual practices in Gilead and raises the issues of religious fundamentalism right from the onset of the novel. Also serves as an introduction for a feminist critique of patriarchy where women are regarded as sexual and domestic commodities

Gilead In the bible Gilead is an idyllic section of the land of the Hebrews, a mountainous region east of Jordan. In Hebrew the name means “heap of stones” MA probably referring to Jeremiah 8:22; “Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? Why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered ?” One Old Testament reference which Gilead chooses not to include occurs in Hosea 6:8 ‘Gilead is a city of wicked men, with footprints of blood.’ (Look for omissions and misinterpretations throughout the text)

Martha A Martha is an unmarried, unfertile women who perform household duties in the houses of the elite. In the Gospels, Martha is one of two sisters. Martha devotes herself to housework while Mary spends her time listening to Jesus speak. “Jesus praised Mary, whereas Martha’s role is exalted in Gilead.” Do you agree with this statement?

a few biblical allusions to get us started Biblical allusions, both direct and misinterpreted pervade every level of Gilead society establishing context, precedent & justification. Language/propaganda is a major ideological weapon of any totalitarian regime. Why has Atwood called heavily on the bible and in particular the old testament? Rachel and Leah Centre (wives of Jacob and further evidence of patriarchal comparison between bible and Gilead) Chpt 11. Offred fears being caught having sex with the doctor. He reassures her that two people will not break down the locked door. Deuteronomy 17: 6 requires two witnesses to an act of adultery for a couple to be stoned to death. Chpt 13 The bible to be read by the Commander is usually locked in a box. Practice mostly during the Dark Ages (300-1000AD). He reads Genesis 8:17. 30: 1-8; 30:18 & Zechariah 4:10. His selective readings mirrors the censored television flipping of Serena before the Commander entered the room. Implications of locked bible?

Allusions continued Chpt 18. Cushion with the word “faith” embroidered on it. Offred imagines it as part of three-cushioned set. “So faith, hope, love: abide thee three, but the greatest of these is love.” Corinthians 13-13. Notice the two denied to Offred. Chpt 18. Janine on two-tiered birthing stool, so that she can fulfil the biblical practice of the maid giving birth on the knees on the wife Chpt 31 Republic of Gilead gave Jews the opportunity to immigrate to Israel or convert to the state religion. Jews that pretended were hanged. Chpt 34 The orator at the Prayvaganza quotes scripture that says women shall save themselves through childbearing. He says it was Eve that caused sin to enter the world and she must pay for it.

Atwood on religion lecture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMrz_ivl8jo Vocabulary: theocracy, predestination/elect “I don’t do prophecy” “A blueprint of the kind of things human beings do when they’re put under a certain sort of pressure” Rule of writing book “Would not put anything into it that human society had not already been done” Salem & hysteria (17th century theology)

Quotations They can hit us, there’s Scriptural precedent (3, 26) [precedent for just one of many actions that subvert the bible and religion] ‘Blessed be the fruit’…’May the Lord open’ (4, 29) ‘Gilead is within you’ (5, 33) All flesh is weak, all flesh is grass, I corrected her in my head…God made them that way but He did not make you that way. He made you different. It’s up to you to set the boundaries. Later you will be thanked. (8, 55) Blessed are the meek. She didn’t go on to say anything about inheriting the earth. (12, 74) The Bible is kept locked up, the way people once kept locked up, so the servants wouldn’t steal it. It is an incendiary device: who knows what we’d make of it, if we ever got our hands on? (15, 92)… He has something we don’t have, he has the word. How we squandered it, once. (15, 93) Oh God, I pray….Is this what you had in mind? (15, 102) I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children. {sorry lost the page} For Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression (34, 233)