Parts of Plant Cell

A large central vacuole, a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane known as thetonoplast that maintains the cell's turgor, controls movement of molecules between thecytosol and sap, stores useful material and digests waste proteins and organelles.vacuoletonoplastturgormoleculescytosolsapproteinsorganelles VACUOLE

Cell Wall The function of the cell wall is to provide structural support and to control the amount of water entering the cell. The cell wall is a wall that allows the circulation and distribution of water, minerals, and other small nutrient molecules into and out of the cell. It gives rigid support from which stable structures like leaves and stems can be produced. It can also sense the presence of pathogenic microbes and control the development of tissues within the cell because of its storage site of regulatory molecules. storage

PLASMODESMATA Specialized cell-to-cell communication pathways known as plasmodesmata, pores in the primary cell wall through which the plasmalemma and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are continuous.plasmodesmataplasmalemma endoplasmic reticulum

PLASTIDS PlastidsPlastids, the most notable being the chloroplast, which contains chlorophyll, a green-colored pigment that absorbs sunlight, and allows the plant to make its own food in the process known as photosynthesis. Other types of plastids are the amyloplasts, specialized for starchstorage, elaioplasts specialized for fat storage, and chromoplasts specialized for synthesis and storage of pigments. As in mitochondria, which have a genome encoding 37 genes, plastids have their own genomes of about 100–120 uniquegenes and, it is presumed, arose as prokaryotic endosymbionts living in the cells of an early eukaryotic ancestor of the land plants and algae.chloroplastchlorophyllphotosynthesisamyloplastsstarchelaioplastsfatchromoplastspigmentsmitochondriagenomesgenesprokaryoticendosymbiontseukaryoticland plantsalgae

Cell Division Cell division by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cytokinesis phragmoplast cell plate cytokinesis is characteristic of land plants and a few groups of algae, notably the CharophytesCharophytes and the Order Trentepohliales. Trentepohliales

Survival of the Species The sperm of bryophytes and pteridophytes have flagellae similar to those in animals, but higher plants, (including Gymnosperms and flowering plants) lack the flagellae and centrioles that are present in animal cells. sperm bryophytes pteridophytes flagellae Gymnosperms flowering plants flagellae centrioles animal cells