Grade 12 Exercise Science The Skeletal System

Terms Anatomy ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Physiology Nervous system Circulatory system Human skeleton

The Human Skeleton The human skeleton is made up of _______ bones Start with over ___ at birth but they fuse together over time Longest is the femur and smallest is the stirrup bone found inside the ear Males and Females have slight differences ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

The Skeletal System Properties of the Skeletal System Extremely hard and durable Bones are composed primarily of calcium Calcium levels vary in people Low levels of calcium mean the bones can become increasingly brittle and breakable Bones are able to repair themselves Casts, splints, pins and other aids are often required for correct healing process

Functions of the Skeletal System Structural Support Protection Growth centre for cells Reservoir of minerals Movement

About Bone … Composed of 50% water and 50% organic and inorganic material Elements include: phosphorous, zinc, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine Resists compression and tension Bound by joints (through ligaments) Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce movement

5 Types of Bones Bones are classified according to their shape Long Bones ___________________________________________________ The femur is the best example of a long bone Short Bones Carpal bones are a good example Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid bones Unusual bones in that they are small, flat bones wrapped within tendons that move over boney surfaces. Example patella

Types of Bones

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Long Bone Anatomy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4vXr9IuPVc Cartilage _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Cancellous bone (spongy bone) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Compact bone ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

Long Bone Anatomy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4vXr9IuPVc Medullary cavity ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Periosteum ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Epiphysis Diaphysis

Structure of The Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Structure of The Skeleton Axial Skeleton _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Appendicular Skeleton _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________

Tendons and Ligaments Tendons – __________________________________

Types of Fractures Stress fracture – ________________________________ Simple fracture – __________________________________________ Compound fracture – _________________________________________ Comminuted fracture – _______________________________________ Simple fracture Compound fracture Comminuted fracture

Epiphyseal Plates and Lines Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ Epiphyseal lines Epiphyseal line Epiphyseal plate ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Habits and Behaviours That Help Maintain and Strengthen our Skeletal System Average person: ??? To prevent Osteoporosis: _____________________________________________

Bone Formation and Bone Remodeling Compact bone: ___________________________________________________ Cancellous bone: (e.g. skull) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Bone Formation and Bone Remodeling ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Most active during early years Declines after mid 30 at at rate of 5-10% every 10 years