Chapter 15 Individual Performance and Job Design Planning Ahead What is the meaning of work? What influences job satisfaction and performance? How can jobs be enriched? What are alternative work arrangements? How can job and work stress be managed?

The Meaning of Work Psychological Contracts Informal understanding about what an individual gives to and receives from an organization

The Meaning of Work Psychological Contracts Ideal work situation is one that is considered fair When contract is broken, morale problems develop

The Meaning of Work Work-Life Balance fit between one’s job and personal or family needs stress occurs if there is not balance between work and personal life

Job Satisfaction and Performance collection of tasks performed in support of organizational objectives Job Design process of creating or defining jobs by assigning specific work tasks to individuals and groups

Job Satisfaction and Performance degree to which an individual feels positively or negatively about various aspects of the job less turnover and absenteeism among satisfied workers

Job Satisfaction and Performance Job Involvement extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job Organizational commitment loyalty of individual to the organization

Job Satisfaction and Performance Job Performance quantity and quality of tasks accomplished by an individual or group at work value-added criterion

Job Satisfaction and Performance High-performance equation: Performance = Ability x Support x Effort

Job Satisfaction and Performance begins with ability requires support involves effort

Job Design Issues and Alternatives Job Simplification standardizing work procedures employing people in well-defined tasks can result in boredom extreme form is automation

Job Satisfaction and Performance Job Rotation and Job Enlargement Job Rotation increases task variety by shifting workers between different jobs regular periodically keeps managers informed about job demands

Job Satisfaction and Performance Job Rotation and Job Enlargement Job Enlargement increases task variety by combining two or more tasks previously assigned to other workers horizontal loading

Job Satisfaction and Performance Job Enrichment building more opportunities for satisfaction into a job job depth (vertical loading)

Job Enrichment Job Characteristics Model diagnostic approach to job enrichment. five core job characteristics. job high in core characteristics is enriched.

Job Enrichment Core Characteristics of Job Characteristics Model skill variety task identity task significance autonomy feedback

Job Enrichment Critical Psychological States of Job Characteristics Model meaningfulness of work responsibilities for work outcomes knowledge of actual results of work activities

Job Enrichment Job satisfaction is influenced by psychological states Psychological states are influenced by core job characteristics Not everyone is affected in the same way

Job Enrichment Improving Core Characteristics form natural work units combine tasks establish client relationships open feedback channels practice vertical loading

Job Enrichment Technology and Job Enrichment Sociotechnical Systems using technology to best advantage, while treating people with respect Robotics use of computer controlled machines to completely automate work tasks

Alternative Work Arrangements Compressed Workweek schedule that allows a full-time job to be completed in less than standard 5 days of 8-hour shifts

Alternative Work Arrangements 4-40 (also known as 4-10) employees work 4 days, 10 hours each day increased leisure time, lower commuting costs increased fatigue, family scheduling problems, union objections

Alternative Work Arrangements Flexible Working Hours any work schedule which gives employees some choice in daily work hours core time - all employees must be at work allows employees to schedule around personal and family responsibilities

Alternative Work Arrangements Job Sharing one job is split between two or more persons daily, weekly or monthly arrangements Work Sharing agreement between employees to cut back work hours to avoid layoffs or termination

Alternative Work Arrangements Telecommuting work arrangement that allows a portion of scheduled work hours to be completed outside of the office

Alternative Work Arrangements Telecommuting Advantages reduced commuting increase productivity fewer work distractions flexible hours

Alternative Work Arrangements Telecommuting Disadvantages loss of visibility for promotion working too much difficulty separating work and personal life

Alternative Work Arrangements Part-Time Work work less than 40 hours and does not qualify employee as full-time contingency workers part-timers who supplement full-time workforce, often on a long term basis

Stress and Stress Management state of tension experience by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints or opportunities

Stress and Stress Management Sources of Stress work factors too high or too low task demands role conflicts or ambiguities poor interpersonal relations too slow or too fast career progress

Stress and Stress Management Sources of Stress personal factors Type A personality nonwork factors family events economics personal affairs

Stress and Stress Management Consequences of Stress constructive stress acts as a positive influence increased effort, creativity, productivity destructive acts as a negative influence increased absenteeism, turnover, errors, illness decreased productivity

Stress and Stress Management Managers should be skilled at dealing with workplace stress humanitarianism productivity creativity return on investment

Stress and Stress Management Personal Wellness pursuit of personal and mental potential though a personal health-promotion program exercise/physical fitness smoking control health risk appraisals nutrition education high blood pressure control