The Western Heritage Since 1300 Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

Key Topics: Europe’s mercantilist empires Spain’s vast colonial empire in the Americas Africa, slavery, and the transatlantic plantation system The wars of the mid-18th century in Europe and its colonies The struggle for independence in Britain’s North American colonies

Areas of Focus: Periods of European Overseas Empires (476-478) Mercantile Empires (478-479) The Spanish Colonial System (479-481) Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy (483-492) Mid-18th Century Wars (492-495) The American Revolution and Europe (501)

Spanish, Portuguese, French, British, & Dutch colonial possessions- 1700

European Empires in 1763

British Empire 1763

Mercantile Empires a. discovery b. exploration c. trade I. Mercantilist Goals: a. discovery b. exploration c. trade d. exploitation of resources e. monopolies of II. Mercantilism: a. govt. control of trade b. economic trade zones/barriers c. profits sent back to host country via taxation Atlantic Economy in the mid-18th Century

French-British Rivalry I. French & British colonial possession constantly clashed in North America II. Areas of Contention: a. Saint Lawrence River Valley b. Upper New England c. Ohio River Valley III. Trade issues: a. fur trade b. fishing rights c. treaties w/ various Indian tribes IV. Caribbean: a. control of the West Indies b. crops-sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, coffee all wanted in Europe Engraving of NY fur trade

French-British Rivalry V. Partition of India I. Both France & Britain traded in a. India through chartered trading companies b. Britain-East India Company c. France-Compagnie des Indes d. goal of both countries/companies was to trade in China II. French & British Exploitation of India a. Britain-Robert Clive b. Joseph Dupleix c. both took over regions of India as internal conflict resulted in loss of local control (power vacuum). d. Dutch focused on Indonesia (Asia). Dutch dominant in Asia

French, British, and Dutch Holdings, 1700

The Spanish Colonial System I. Colonial Government: a. Legal link between New World went through Castile, in Spain, under leadership of Queen Isabella. b. Govt. of Americas assigned to Council of the Indies c. Viceroys in New Spain (Mexico), and Peru carried out orders, laws d. sub-councils included: -audencias -corregidores II. Trade Regulation: a. House of Trade (Casa de Contraction) regulated all trade b. mercantilism c. main ports included: Portobello Veracruz, Cartegana doubloons

The Spanish Colonial System III. Trade Routes back to Spain a. all ships traveled in convoys for common protection from other nations, pirates b. no outside trade from colony to colony c. colony to home country back to colonies d. lots of ship wrecks in Caribbean, treasure hunters still find sunken wreckage, gold, silver, etc. today

Colonial Reform under Spanish Bourbons I. Changes in Spanish Trade a. War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) b. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) c. Spanish Habsburgs replaced w/Bourbons of France d. Philip V (1700-1746)in charge attempted to strengthen trade lines to new world to suppress smuggling e. war w/ England 1739 resulted in Spanish loss on the high seas f. Charles III (1759-1788) pushed for royal control rather than Council of Indies g. 1765, monopolies of Seville, Cadiz abolished, allowing other Spanish cities trade w/ new world. h. opened more new world ports i. authorized trade between Spanish colonies j. organized 4th viceroyalty in Rio de la Plata Spanish Philip V, a Bourbon

Colonial Reform under Spanish Bourbons II. Social Order in New World: a. Peninsulares-born in Europe, best job opportunities in new world 1st class citizens b. Creoles-parents born in Europe, children born in new world, 2nd class citizens c. Mestizo- children of native Americans and lower ranking Europeans 3rd class citizens d. Mulattos-children of native Americans and Africans (slave or free) 4th class citizen e. native American-original Americans 5th class citizens Charles III of Spain

Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

I. The African Presence in the Americas Slavery had existed in Europe prior to the 18th century, mostly within the Mediterranean Sea, Africa, and Asia Ottoman Empire forbade transportation of trade after 1453 Portuguese began to import African slaves into the Canary Islands Beginning with the 16th and into 17th centuries, slave trade became important as exploitation of resources from new world began to be shipped back to Europe Labor shortages in new world as native Americans were exploited, enslaved, died of European disease, overwork, and lack of care by over-seers

West African Slave Trade

II. Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy most slaves initially sent to Caribbean, Central and South America slavery in North America slow to develop Maryland, Virginia, early southern states due to cotton, tobacco crops III. Slavery in Africa traditional warfare in Africa between tribes: choice of death or slavery after battles theft of persons from one tribe to another common as well. slavery within Africa common during this period. West Africa center of slave trade Senegambia, Angola areas for trade between Africans & Europeans

“Triangular Trade System”

IV. The West Indies, Brazil, & Sugar 1619, first known slave ship landed in Jamestown, Virginia slaves brought to Caribbean and South America 100 years earlier labor done by Africans began to replace labor done by native Americans sugar crop was labor intensive in Brazil 20,000 slaves a year imported into Caribbean by 1725 90% of Jamaican population was slave

V. Conditions slaves treated worse in Central & South America than North America slaves often had to fend for themselves -provide own food, clothing, shelter, in addition to work -attrition rate high due to overwork, disease, malnutrition -most slaves in South America from Africa rather than born in new world 16th century, Spanish, Portuguese heavy slave traders

V. Conditions- cont. more men than women transported two classes of slaves: -newly arrived African slaves -old Africans who had been in Americas for extended period of time -creoles, descendents of earlier generations of slaves, often now freed farmers preferred latter two groups upwards of 9 million Africans transported to New World

Brazilian sugar plantation

Mid-18th Century Wars I. War of Jenkins’ Ear West Indies hotbed of slaver, smuggling, pirating Spanish enforced mercantile trading policies customs(taxation), military patrol used to enforce laws English ship captain Robert Jenkins caught, had his ear cut off; kept ear preserved after in brandy jar Jenkins reported incident to British Parliament, Parliament called for war with Spain. PM Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745), declared war became first of many wars between Britain, Spain, other countries over new world

Mid-18th Century Wars II. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Prussian Frederick II took Silesia, Austrian province Maria Theresa (1740-1780), Habsburg ruler of Austria III. British and French conflicts could have remained independent though alliances created wider European war France/Prussia/Spain vs. Austria/Britain war ended w/Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Prussia regained control of Silesia, Spain allowed to continue to import slaves into Spanish colonies

Mid-18th Century Wars War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

Mid-18th Century Wars IV. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) Prussian Frederick II started another war Frederick invaded Saxony, part of previous acquisition of Silesia part of Convention of Westminster, signed by George III of Britain, who held title as Elector of Hanover within German states

The Seven Years’ War: France vs Britain or French & Indian War in North America

Mid-18th Century Wars V. Winning North America William Pitt, the Elder(1708-1778), Secretary of State in charge of Seven Years’ War in 1757 (French & Indian War) diverted monies to Prussia to fight France and Austria Pitt’s goal was to divert France, take all of North America east of the Mississippi for Britain sent 40,000 regular English/colonial troops to fight French troops in Canada

Mid-18th Century Wars Sept. 1759, British Army under James Wolfe defeated French forces under Louis Joseph de Montcalm French empire in North America was ending French controlled islands in Caribbean fell to the British fleet French and allied Indian forces lost to British at battle of Plassey in 1757

Mid-18th Century Wars VI. Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended Seven Years’ War (French & Indian Wars) Britain received all of Canada, Ohio Valley, eastern half of Mississippi River Valley Britain returned Pondicherry and Chandernagore in India and West Indian sugar islands of Guadalupe and Martinique to France

Mid-18th Century Wars