Improvement in material conditions. development

Developed regions include South Pacific, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Anglo-America, and Japan Less developed regions: Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia

The gap between LDCs and MDCs per capita GDP is widening

On a north polar projection, less developed countries appear to be located in peripheral locations

gross domestic product The value of total output of goods and services in a country annually

Countries with very low per capita GDP such as Sudan’s $400 a year in 1995 are Less developed countries

Per capita GDP is not a good indicator of the distribution wealth in a country It is a good indicator of countries below the poverty level, potential of providing all citizens with a comfortable life, material well being in a country, and spatial distribution of global wealth

Examples of primary sector activities: Agriculture, mining, fishing, logging

Processing of computer information is an example of a tertiary sector activity

Tertiary sector activities include government, banking, retail, information systems, and producer services Secondary sector jobs would include construction and manufacturing jobs

Less develop countries have a higher level workers in which sector of the economy? primary

Provision of goods and services falls under the Tertiary sector of the economy

Employment is increasing in more developed countries in the _______ sector tertiary

China has a large percentage of it’s population involved in agriculture, this indicates that most people must produce food for their own survival.

What effect does access to more technology have on MDCs? People are more productive

value added The value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

Today, European countries obtain raw materials through the purchase from less developed countries

In less developed countries, consumer goods are only available to the minority who have enough wealth to purchase such items as telephones, televisions, and motor vehicles.

MDCs have higher rates of these educational characteristics: literacy rates, teachers per pupil, number of years attending school, and spending per student. MDCs spend a lower percentage of GDP on education than LDCs

Infant mortality, literacy rate, natural increase rate and age structure are indicators of a country’s development. Crude death rate is not an indicator

The following are not major health care problems in Africa and Asia: high ratio of nurses and doctors to patients, inadequate supply of calories and proteins, defective drugs, lack of social security benefits for the elderly. Low literacy rates is a major problem

Correlating economic, social, and demographic indicators of development shows that different indicators of development are associated with each other

LDCs have the following characteristics: lower percentage of elderly, higher percentage of children under the age of fifteen, higher crude birth rates, and shorter life expectancy. LDCs do not have lower dependency rates

The Anglo-American region is world’s leading provider entertainment, food, financial and management services, and sports Petroleum would not be a major raw material of the Anglo-American region

The more developed region that displays the most homogeneity is Anglo-America

Relative lack of raw materials distinguishes Anglo-America from Western Europe

Under communism, Eastern Europe was characterized by government decisions on national economies, most social and demographic indicators became comparable to Western Europe, investment in heavy industries, and favorable balances between population and resources. Specialization in consumer-oriented products was not a characteristic

The major asset of Eastern Europe is Abundant reserves of raw materials

Japan’s principal asset for promoting development was an abundant supply of labor

Why does the Middle East show promise of becoming more developed? petroleum reserves

Where are most of the petroleum reserves in the Middle East located? Clustered primarily in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf States

The highest level of development within Latin America is found in Southern South America

The less developed region with the highest percentage of people living in urban areas is Latin America

After 1949 the Chinese people were subjected to increasing amounts of emphasis on rural life, government assignment of specific task to farmers, distribution of food according to need, and control of agricultural land. There was no fear of famine

Population was traditionally low in Southeast Asia because of inhospitable environment

Agricultural output in South Asia depends primarily on arrival of the monsoon.

Development prospects are limited in Sub-Saharan Africa because of colonial legacy, capacity of land to produce food, overworked land and declining output, and poor leadership. Lack of monsoon rains are not a factor

According to Rostow’s development model, the process of development begins when an elite group initiates innovative activities.

According to the international trade approach to development, a country should identify the following assets: international consumer preferences, high quality manufactured goods, abundant agricultural products, and abundant mineral resources. Imports to be limited should not be identified

Unequal distribution of resources is the biggest problem in promoting through the international trade alternative.

Saudi Arabia has successfully employed the international trade alternative primarily because of petroleum reserves

The following are economic changes in China during the 21st century: China is now the world’s largest market for personal consumer products, their manufacturing is driving down prices on consumer goods world wide, low factory wages are driving down wages world wide, and their manufacturing sector is now the world’s second largest. China is not a leading banking center in Asia

The self-sufficiency approach to development Spreads investment through all sectors of the economy

Traditional barriers to international investment have included Requiring licenses for importers.

In recent years, countries such as India Embraced the international trade model

The following are indicators of global gender inequality: female literacy is much lower than males in Sub-Saharan Africa, women hold less that one-forth of managerial jobs in LDCs, women have much lower incomes than men in LDCs, women on average have two- thirds of the income of men in MDCs. Female life-expectancy is less than males in every country of the world is not an indicator of global gender inequality.

The principal benefit of the self-sufficiency approach is to promote balanced growth of all economic sectors.

Protection of workers’ rights is a high priority for multinational corporations is not a characteristic of the Fair Trade movement.

The biggest problem faced by less developed countries in financing development is Inability to pay loans.

What do critics charge are some effects of Structural Adjustment Programs for refinancing loans to LDCs? Workers in state enterprises losing their jobs and support for dependent citizens being cut.