1.What is the Revolutionary Period? 1.Social, Political, Economic Upheaval in Atlantic World. 2.Dissent. Ideologies. Radical Literature. Protest. Boycott 3.France: Debt from 7-Years War. 2.Debt from war on American soil. 3.Unpopular taxes. 4.Agricultural Decline: bad harvest 4.Haiti: British Attempts to Reign In Colonies (Political) 3. Beginnings of American Resistance (Ideological) 4. Taxation Without Representation (Economic) Dissent and Revolution in Colonial America,

The Crisis Begins Economic: Paying for War and The Boycott – During Seven Years’ War: Colonies were an ally. – After the Seven Years’ War: Subordinate role, pay for war. – Boycott Social/Ideological Resistance: – Influence of the Enlightenment – Liberty – Penny-Press- Circulars, Pamphlets – Boston: A Committee of Correspondence- exchange ideas about resistance. – The Sons of Liberty- resist the Stamp Act, enforce a boycott Political – Social tensions in the colonies – Lack of Representation – Struggle for Power

On the Road to the Revolution… English Administration of the Colonies 17 th century- distraction/colonial policy Oliver Cromwell and trade Mercantile System Navigation Acts Dominion of New England Glorious Revolution Resistance to “Dominion” Neighbors Spanish America New France Louisiana

Colonial Policies and Responses Greenville’s Colonial Policy Imperial finances “Spoiled Americans,” and taxes Molasses Act of 1733 Sugar Act (American Revenue Act) Currency Act of 1764 The Stamp Act: More than a postage stamp. Covert Charles Townshend Townshend Acts Revenue Act 1767 Ideological Response The Boycott True Whigs British army in colonies/Quartering Act Sons of Liberty- Samuel Adams Repeal of the Stamp Act

Boston in the 1770s: A Catalyst for Change Boston Massacre Lord North British occupy Boston 5 March Agitators Crispus Attucks Aftermath Significance The Boston Tea Party Lord North & the East India Company Committee of Correspondence 16 December chests of tea Significance Britain Responds The Coercive Acts 1774 Closure of Boston Harbor New Quartering Act

Formation of the Continental Congress Background: Thomas Jefferson, June 1, fasting prayer in Virginia Raleigh Tavern George Washington: “a cause of America” Continental Congress 1774 to 1789 Governing body of 13 colonies First Continental Congress- Response to Coercive Acts Second Continental Congress- ( ) Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Domestic and International legitimacy to direct the revolution America's independence from Britain. The Declaration of Independence 1781 Congress ratified the first national constitution, the Articles of Confederation. Articles of Confederation-1789, replaced by U.S. Constitution.

The Coming of Independence The Outbreak of War – April 1775: Lexington and Concord. – Battle of Bunker Hill- British victory Forced General Howe from Boston by March – The Second Continental Congress Raised an army Appointed George Washington its commander. Independence? – Goal was not clear by the end of – Opinions varied in the colonies. Common Sense – Thomas Paine, January 1776, criticized monarchy and aristocracy.

The Steps of Independence The Declaration of Independence – June man committee – Drafted between June 11 and June 28, 1776 – Divided into 5 sections – Declared an independent nation – Jefferson’s preamble: enduring impact. – Rights of mankind as the object of American independence. The “pursuit of happiness” was unique. The Global Declaration of Independence – Inspire others to claim liberty and self-government. – Numerous anticolonial movements, such as Vietnam in 1945 – The Declaration’s principle: will of “the people”

Securing Independence The First Years of the War – General Washington; many of his troops went home. – Successful surprise attack on Trenton and Princeton. The Battle of Saratoga – The Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 French to aid the Americans in The War in the South – Focus shifted to the South in – British commanders: could not consolidate hold Victory at Last – General Cornwallis at Yorktown, where he surrendered in October – The Treaty of Paris: September The American delegation: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay.

The Revolution Within: Women, African-American, and the Indigenous Revolutionary Women Used domestic roles Homespun Movement: Served Continental Army Allowed American soldiers in home Loyalist women left country/undertook acts of resistance Control of domestic consumption= political goals Boycott: British goods Edenton Tea party: 51 women/ North Carolina Spied on British soldiers Deborah Champion, Sara Decker Haligowski, Harriet Prudence, Patterson Hall, Lydia Darraugh: information to U.S. soldiers Fought in war Deborah Samson, Hannah Snell, Sally St. Claire: hid gender Loyalist Women Leave Resistance

African Americans during the Revolution 1770s Most lived as slaves: North and South Issues of enslavement and freedom Sided with whom could promise personal liberty 100,000 escaped or died during war 5000 enlisted in Continental Army: Lexington & Concord, and Bunker Hill 1775 George Washington: forbids recruitment of Blacks Virginia Governor: Lord Dunmore: promises freedom to Blacks (side with British) Black Loyalists- emigration of 3, Documented service to Crown: left U.S. for Britain and Nova Scotia Massive Migration after War Largely female 1806: Women 4:3 in New York Maritime industry- largest employer of black males post-Revolutionary

Gender and Politics during the Revolutionary Period Key Points: Dependency on men to participate in public realm Coverture: Contribute to the public realm Republican Motherhood: Educating the next generation according to values of the men who fought for independence. (Republican values and ideals=good citizens) Issues: Liberty, Equality, Independence: Not Women. Whig political theorists: voting rights through ownership of property. Ideal Whig woman: patriotic cause from inside separate spheres Key Figures Abigail Adams: property rights for married women Mercy Otis Warren: political writer and propagandist for war Issued pamphlet “A Colombian Patriot,” opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution in first published history of the American Revolution Postwar Efforts: rise of various women’s services and reform societies

Displacing the Indigenous Communities Key Points War Excuse to take land War of survival for Indigenous Damaged food supplies and atrocities Lenape: signed treaty with the new United States Iroquois: split allegiance between British (Loyalists) and the Patriots. Treaty of Paris: British ceded territories to U.S. Did not inform indigenous communities Replaced Treaty of 1763: which established British power in 13 colonies Northwest Indian Wars: War against white encroachment Issues: Women and War Competition for Indigenous Support: Loyalists and Patriots Frontier Warfare: Brutal 1779 New York Sullivan Expedition Treaties: New York and Iroquois Nation, 5, 000, 000 acres; establishment of reservations.