Matter and Energy By Sarah Berger

Matter Matter is everything that takes up space. It is every drop of water, Strand of hair, and Every star in the sky. Matter is mass. The bigger pieces of mass are made up of molecules.

Parts of Matter: Molecules Molecules are at least two atoms put together. Many people study molecules and their organization. That is called molecular biology. The atoms in a molecule are held together by bonds. Those bonds are either ionic, covalent, or metallic.

Parts of Matter: Atoms Atoms make up everything in the universe. They are in all liquids, solids, and gasses. Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter that can live on their own Atoms consist of three main parts: Electrons Protons Neurons

Electrons Electrons have a negative charge They are .002% the size of the smallest atom. 1836 electrons have the same weight of one proton. Electrons are arranged in shells. The shells circle the nucleus.

Protons Protons have a positive charge. They are almost 2000 the size of an electron. Protons are located in the nucleus of an atom. Nothing was thought to be smaller than a proton, until quarks were discovered. There are three quarks in every proton.

Neutrons Neutrons have no charge. They are neutral. They are almost the same size as protons. Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom. There are also three quarks in each neutron.

Ions An ion is an electrically charged atom. When an atom has one more proton than electron, it is positively charged When an atom has one more electron than proton, it is negatively charged. The number of neutrons does not affect the charge of an atom.

Ionic Bonding Ionic bonding is when an atom gives an electron to another atom to form ions. For example, chlorine needs one more electron, and sodium has one too many. Sodium then loses an electron (but it still has that proton) so it becomes positively charged. Chlorine then gains that electron (but not a proton) so it becomes negatively charged.

Metal Bonding In metal bonding, the outermost electrons become detached. There will now be fewer electrons on the atom, making a positive ion [surrounded by electrons]. The electrons are free to move, so they make good energy conductors.

Covalent Bonds In covalent bonds, the atoms do not create ions. They just share the electrons. An example would be with water. Oxygen needs two more electrons. Hydrogen only has one, so it can’t give it up. Since oxygen needs two, there is room for two hydrogen atoms in this water molecule. That is why it is called H2O.

More About Atoms Every atom [or element] has a number. Its number is determined by how many protons it has. It could also be determined by how many electrons it has (since elements have the same number of electrons as protons). Every atom [or element] has a weight or mass. The atomic weight of an element is how many neutrons it has added to its atomic number.

More About Atoms Most atoms have multiple isotopes. An isotope is an atom whose number of neutrons varies. Atoms of opposite charge are held together by an electrostatic attraction. This is what holds ions together in ionic bonds. Again referencing to the sodium-chlorite bonding, sodium becomes positively charged and chlorine becomes negatively charged. Like magnets, they stick together.

More about Molecules Molecules stick to surfaces. That is why nothing is floating around. It is called adhesion. Most molecules of the same substance stick together. That is called cohesion. Some molecules are hydrophilic. They are water loving. It is a term applied to molecules that can form a bond with water. Other molecules are hydrophobic. They are water fearing. It is a term applied to molecules that can not form a bond with water.

Gases Gases [like everything else in the universe] are made up of mass. They are different from liquids and solids in the fact that they are not very dense at all. That is the reason we can move our hands through the air with ease. There are fewer molecules per square centimeter. Gases are free to move around, so it is very hard to contain them. They can escape from the smallest holes and cracks.

Liquids Liquids are more dense than gases, but not as dense as solids. Liquids take no specific shape. They form to the container they are in. They can not be condensed. Part of that is due to viscosity –the thickness of liquids. Liquids also have surface tension. It is like a very thin layer of plastic on top of them. That is why bugs are able to walk on water (such as water-gliders). Surface tension is caused by molecules at the surface attracting each other.

Solids Solids are the most dense of all the three states of matter. Their density is great, so it is in most cases impossible to condense them. Solids do not form to their containers. They form into the shape they were solidified in. They are very easy to contain because the molecules that form them move hardly at all (not enough to see).

Crystals Crystals differ from other solids in the way their molecules are arranged. The atoms in most molecules are not lined up with each other. In crystals, there is a regular, repeating pattern. The atoms are arranged in rows and columns. That regular, repeating pattern is called a lattice.

Energy Energy is the ability to work. It’s the ability to put mass in motion. It heats our houses, Turns on our computers, Fuels our cars, and Lets us work on science projects.

Forms of Energy: Potential Potential energy is stored energy. It is waiting to happen. A book sitting on the very edge of a table has lots of potential energy. It is waiting to fall. Potential energy has lots of sub-categories. Forms of potential energy are: Mechanical, chemical, electrical, gravitational, and nuclear.

Forms of Potential: Mechanical Mechanical energy is stored in objects by tightness. An example would be a catapult being held down. There is a lot of tension, so the catapult has mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is basically when something that is being taken out of it’s natural shape it wants to go back.

Chemical Energy Chemical energy is in the bonds of molecules and atoms. It is released when the bonds break. Petroleum oil contains chemical energy.

Electrical Energy Electrical energy is the movement of electrons through an object. When we make home phone calls, electrons move through a wire to get to the receiver of the call. Lightning is also electrical energy.

Gravitational Energy Gravitational energy is stored in an object’s height. The higher up you are from the ground, the faster you will eventually fall. Gravity pulls things down, and the higher things are, gravity will start to pull it down quicker.

Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom. One way we gather energy for our homes is by splitting the nuclei of uranium atoms. That is called fission. The sun gets energy by fusing the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms together. That is called fusion.

Forms of Energy: Kinetic Kinetic energy is motion. It is the movement of waves. The movement of our arms. The movement of the smallest molecules. Like potential energy, there are many types of kinetic energy. Those types are: motion, radiant, thermal, and sound.

Forms of Kinetic Energy: Motion Motion energy is in the movement of things. The faster something moves, the more motion energy it has. The slower something moves, the less motion energy it has. When something is moving very quickly and then slows down, it loses motion energy.

Radiant Energy Radiant energy travels in transverse waves. Transverse waves go up and down and vary in speed depending on their frequency. X-Rays use radiant energy. The transverse waves travel through thin layers of skin and muscle until they hit the hard bone.

Thermal Energy Thermal energy is the movement of molecules and atoms to create heat. The faster molecules move, the more heat is produced. Heat is the same thing as thermal energy. One way we collect energy [in general] is by harvesting heat from the center of the Earth. It is very hot, so the molecules move faster. As stated in an earlier slide, the more something moves, the more energy it has.

Sound Energy Sound energy is the movement of energy through objects via longitudinal waves. Longitudinal waves travel horizontally. If you take a slinky toy, pull one ring back and push it forward, you will see what a longitudinal wave looks like. Sound can penetrate very hard things.

Works Cited Chemistry Matters! Danbury, CT: Grolier, 2007. Print. "EIA Energy Kids - Forms of Energy." U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=about_forms_of_e nergy-forms>. "Energy Forms and Definitions, Kinetic Energy and Potential - Basic Energy Concepts for Teachers and Students - from Ftexploring." Science and Technology Education from Flying Turtle Exploring. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/enrg-types.htm>.

Works Cited Gagnon, Steve. "All About Atoms." Jlab.org. Jefferson Lab. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://education.jlab.org/atomtour/>. Jackson, B. H. Physics Matters Book 1. London: Bell & Hyman, 1985. Print. "Kinetic Energy." Zona Land Education, Home. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://zonalandeducation.com/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/ki neticEnergy/kineticEnergy.html>. "Thermodynamics." RidgeNet. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://www.ridgenet.net/~do_while/sage/v7i1f.htm>.