Benjamin T Solomon iSETI LLC P.O. Box 831 Evergreen, CO ben. t. gmail. com 02/26/20091 Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center

Benjamin T Solomon  Research Objective: To change the way we get into space – if possible without momentum exchange.  Vision: To have a 1,000,000 private citizens in space by the year 2020 (?)  2008: An Introduction to Gravity Modification: A Guide to Using Laithwaite's and Podkletnov's Experiments and the Physics of Forces for Empirical Results, Universal Publishers, Boca Raton.  2001 – Current: Numerous presentations & papers on gravity modification at the International Space Development Conferences & the International Mars Society Conferences.  1999: Inventor of proprietary electrical circuits (with no moving parts) that can change weight (± 3% to ± 5% over 2 hours & one 98% loss for about a minute). An engine technology without moving parts. 02/26/20092Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center

Benjamin T Solomon  Summary  Theoretical Basis  Applications  Gravitational Ni Field  Mechanical Ni Field  Simple Mechanical Force  Complex Mechanical Force  Electromagnetic Ni Field  Conclusion  Acknowledgements  Bibliography  Contact 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center3

Benjamin T Solomon  Acceleration is defined as:  Where τ = dt/dr, change in time dilation over the change in distance.  Gravitational constant, G, goes away. g = τ c 2 02/26/20094Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center5  g = τ c 2 is the general formula for all non-nuclear forces.  A Non-Inertia Field, Ni Field, is present when τ changes with distance. Mechanical Force Gravitational Force Electromagnetic ForceWeak Force Strong Nuclear Force Non-Nuclear Forces Nuclear Forces Five Forces Model g = τ c 2 ? ? Not Interested in Investigating these Forces

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center6/47 V1V1 V2V2 V3V3 V4V4 Acceleration, a

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Benjamin T Solomon  General Relativity models gravity as the change in the shape of spacetime by the some GR, Γ s(x,y,z,t), transformation.  I propose that in a gravitational field a particle’s shape changes and is governed by some transformation, Γ p(x,y,z,t).  Such that: Γ p(x,y,z,t) = Γ s(x,y,z,t)  I am pioneering the use of Process Models, not tensor calculus, quantum mechanical or string theory methods/models. 02/26/20098Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center9/47 No applied transformation. Particle continues in Inertial Applied transformation is equivalent to a downward Force. Particle makes a 90 degree downward turn. Second applied transformation is equivalent to a horizontal force. Particle makes a 90 degree horizontal turn. No applied transformation. Particle continues downward No applied transformation. Particle continues in Inertial

Benjamin T Solomon  To develop a gravitational acceleration model, a force field model, that is independent of the mass of the gravitational source.  Three steps to the shape change analysis:  Step A: Determine equation of the shift in the center of mass of a particle in a gravitational field.  Step B: Invert the relationship so that gravitational acceleration is presented as a shift in the center of mass.  Step C: Relate this shift in the center of mass to shape distortion Γ p(x,y,z,t). 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center10

Benjamin T Solomon  Inertia Lorentz-Fitzgerald Transformation: 02/26/200911Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center  Non-Inertia Newtonian Transformation**: ** The Newtonian Transformation is sufficient for our discussion.  These two types of transformations govern the relationship between space, time, velocity and acceleration.  Non-Inertia General Relativity Transformation**, Γ (r):

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center12

Benjamin T Solomon  One infers that these two types of non-inertia, Γ (a) or Γ (r), and inertia, Γ (v), transformations are equivalent and different aspects of a more generic nature. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center13  One can generalize that transformations present in spacetime are such that given any local environmental transformation, Γ (e), space contraction, time dilation and mass increase obeys:

Benjamin T Solomon  Therefore, the gravitational field is a non-inertia field that obeys the relationship, 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center14  And that an elementary particle’s deformation must obey Γ p(x,y,z,t) = Γ(e)  Shape deformation would necessarily result in the change in the center of mass.

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center15 Gravitational Field At infinity At mass source Roger Penrose, in the 1950s, showed that a macro object would elongate as it fell down a gravitational well. The Lorentz-Fitzgerald & Newtonian transformations suggest that elementary particles of this macro object would contract as they fell down a gravitational well. However, the distances between them would increase, accounting for the macro elongation.

Benjamin T Solomon  Center of Mass in a gravitational field, Ф, is: 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center16  Where Γ (x) is:  The solution runs into several pages and is not presented here.

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center17 Center of Mass of Particle, is off center Mass increases non-linearly as dictated by the Newtonian transformation Shape distortion, Left Hand Side is longer than Right Hand Side Gravitational Source Numerical Model consists of 2,000 slices A slice of the top half of an elementary particle

Benjamin T Solomon  The numerical formulation for the center of mass, CM, per Step A, for a given shape function, y, is: 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center18  To test for effects of particle shape and mass distribution 1,190 numerical integrations were evaluated for 7 particles sizes from 10E-21m, smaller than an electron, up to 10E-3m, a small pin head; modeled in 10 gravitational fields, with 17 shapes or mass distributions.

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center19

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center20

Benjamin T Solomon  Gravitational acceleration g is governed by: 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center21  Change in the center of mass χ :  where k d, k m, & k c are constants, δ t, change in time dilation across the particle for a specific particle size, S z.

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center22

Benjamin T Solomon  Per Step C, one notes that the two constant terms k d and k m are sufficient to parameterize any shape and mass distribution of a particle.  The result of this three-step analysis is that gravitational acceleration g is governed by the change in time dilation δ t across a particle of size S z, where k c is some constant 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center23

Benjamin T Solomon  The numerical value of k c is within 0.049% of the numerical value of the square of the velocity of light or E+16.  Since S z is the change in the distance δ r from the gravitational source, in the limit as δ r→0, becomes 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center24

Benjamin T Solomon  The common Ni Field property is testable:  One notes that this particle shape deformation approach provides the general formula for gravitational acceleration that is not dependent on the gravitational mass.  Therefore, g= τ.c 2, is the general description of a force field, or the non-inertia field, and is testable. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center25

Benjamin T Solomon  First micro-macro transition mechanism:  Since this gravitational acceleration model works for any particle size, the precision of measure of a particle’s size is not critical to getting the correct acceleration values.  Therefore, it appears that Nature has figured out how to get around Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center26

Benjamin T Solomon  Second micro-macro transition mechanism:  The values of k d and k m change to compensate for any particle shape or mass distribution such that k d.k m = k c = c 2.  Suggesting an Internal Structure Independence, that gravitational acceleration is external to and independent of particle shape or mass distribution inside the particle. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center27

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center28

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center29 Ni Field method, g = τ c 2 = (t 1 -t 2 )/dr.c 2 Gravitational Field At infinity At mass source Time dilation, t 2 dr Time dilation, t 1

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center30

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center31

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center32 Rotation Pivot Velocity, v 1 & time dilation, t 1 dr Velocity, v 2 & time dilation, t 2 Length = r Ni field method, g = τ c 2 = (t 1 -t 2 )/dr.c 2 Classical Centripetal Method, a = v 1 2 /r  The Classical Centripetal Method = Ni Field Method

Benjamin T Solomon  Classical Centripetal Method = Ni Field Method 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center33

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center34  Laithwaite demonstrated that a rotating-spinning wheel would lose weight.  The analysis shows that this is neither a gyroscopic effect nor a conical pendulum effect. Disc Rotation, ω d, at 7 rpm Pivot Disc Spin, ω s, at 5,000 rpm Spin radius, s, ≈ 0.3m Rotation radius, d, between 1 to 2 m Hypotenuse = h

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center35  A 3-Dimensional Ni Field Model was built to simulate this rotating-spinning disc.

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center36  The mechanical Ni Field, Laithwaite Equation, for a rotating-spinning disc:

Benjamin T Solomon  Hayasaka and Takeuchi (1989) had reported that a gyroscope would lose weight, but Lou et al. (2002) could not reproduce this effect.  Given H&T’s downward pointing spin vector, the Laithwaite Equation shows that Lou et al were correct, because acceleration produced will be orthogonal to both spin and rotation.  Therefore, to observe weight change the spin vector has to be orthogonal to the gravitational field. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center37

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center38

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center39 Magnetic Field lines pointing into the paper Path radius Electric Field of charged particle Center of rotation Velocity, v, of charged particle Apparent size and shape of charged particle B, (magnetic field) E, (electric field) dv, (velocity) B, (magnetic field) E, (electric field) dv, (velocity) -dv, small change in velocity +dv, small change in velocity Velocity Gradient Across Charged Particle = Acceleration v-dvv+dv v Expanded View of Non-Inertial Field of Velocities  The Electric Field is locked with respect to the radius of motion. Ni field method, g = τ c 2 = (t 1 -t 2 )/dr.c 2 Time dilation, t 1, at velocity, v 1. Time dilation, t 2, at velocity, v 2. dr

Benjamin T Solomon  Solving for electron motion gives,  (v ± dv ) = ω ( r ± dr )  v = (q/m)B.r  dv = (q/m)B.dr  a = q (v x B)/m  Ni Field Method 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center40

Benjamin T Solomon  Classical Electromagnetic Method = Ni Field Method 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center41

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center42 Magnetic Field lines pointing into the paper Path radius Electric Field of charged particle Center of rotation Velocity, v, of charged particle Apparent size and shape of charged particle B, (magnetic field) E, (electric field) dv, (velocity) B, (magnetic field) E, (electric field) dv, (velocity) +dv, small change in velocity -dv, small change in velocity v-dvv+dv v Expanded View of Non-Inertial Field of Velocities  The Electric Field is locked with respect to the Magnetic Field. Ni field method, g = τ c 2 = (t 1 -t 2 )/dr.c 2 Time dilation, t 1, at velocity, v 1. Time dilation, t 2, at velocity, v 2. dr

Benjamin T Solomon 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center43

Benjamin T Solomon  This paper presents the general force field equation, g= τ.c 2, for many different phenomena, gravitational, electromagnetic, and mechanical forces because they exhibit a common property, the Non-Inertia Field.  Gravity modification technology works because gravity and electromagnetic forces exhibit non-inertia field properties.  Thus gravitational acceleration is not dependent on its mass source, confirming the theoretical and technological feasibility of gravity modification as a real working technology. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center44

Benjamin T Solomon  Since the immediate local field properties determine the local accelerations, this simplifies technology development to local field modifications, implying that some technology based transformation Γ (s) can be applied to the external or environmental field to produce non-inertia motion.  The electron process model indicates that the shaped electric field exhibits force in the presence of an external moving magnetic field.  From a propulsion technology perspective, the electric field holds force, while the magnetic field is used to power the non-inertia field. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center45

Benjamin T Solomon  There are three keys here.  First, the technology transformation Γ (s) has to be non-linear with respect to the space along the path of the required acceleration.  Second, gravity modification consists of two parts, field vectoring, and field modulation.  Third, interstellar travel could be achieved by breaking the environmental transformation, Γ (e), into two transformations, one for space Γ (s x,y,z ) and other for time and mass Γ (s t,m ) so that distances could be shrunk without altering time or mass. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center46

Benjamin T Solomon  I would like to thank Paul Murad and Glen Robertson for reviewing this paper, catching the typo errors, comments and questions that led to a clearer, tighter paper.  Mike Darschewski for providing the solution to the local analytical model.  The National Space Society and the Mars Society for providing the conference platform for presenting my earlier work on this subject this past seven years.  And the Space, Propulsion, Energy Sciences International Forum for this opportunity today. 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center47

Benjamin T Solomon  Green, A.G., “General Relativity”, St. Andrews University, andrews.ac.uk/~ag71/PH1012/ Lecture_Notes/lecture_1.pdf, April 11, (2005).  Kane, Gordon L., Supersymmetry, Helix Books, Cambridge, (2000).  Hayasaka, Hideo and Takeuchi, Sakae, “Anomalous Weight Reduction on a Gyroscope’s Right Rotations around the Vertical Axis on the Earth” Physical Review Letters 63 (25): (1989), pp  Laithwaite, E., “The Heretic”, BBC documentary available at (1994).  Laithwaite, E., “Royal Institution’s Christmas Lectures”, presented at The Royal Institution, United Kingdom, 1974, available at (1974).  Luo, J., Nie, Y. X., Zhang, Y. Z., and Zhou, Z. B., “Null result for violation of the equivalence principle with free-fall rotating gyroscopes” Phys. Rev. D 65, (2002), p  Schultz, B., Gravity from the ground up, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2003).  Solomon, B.T., “An Epiphany on Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, Vol 3 - 6, (2001).  Solomon, B.T., “Does the Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight Loss have Propulsion Potential?” presented at 8 th International Mars Society Conference, The Mars Society, Boulder, Colorado, USA, August 11-14, (2005).  Solomon, B.T., “Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight Loss: A First Review”, presented at International Space Development Conference, National Space Society, Los Angeles, California, May 4-7, (2006).  Solomon, B.T., An Introduction to Gravity Modification: A Guide to Using Laithwaite's and Podkletnov's Experiments and the Physics of Forces for Empirical Results, Universal Publishers, Boca Raton, (2008). 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center48

Benjamin T Solomon  ben. t. gmail. com  Website:  Mail: P.O. Box 831, Evergreen, CO 80437, USA 02/26/2009Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, SPESIF-2009, Huntsville, AL, Von Braun Center49