learning Goals Examine a map and articulate strengths and weaknesses of the map Correctly identify 6 different types of projections Differentiate between latitude and longitude and utilize coordinates to locate specific places on a map Explain the correlation between lines of longitude and time zones Relate remote sensing technology to every-day situations Translate a contour map into a topographic map

Questions for Discussion What makes a good map?

Latitude Originates at the equator, an imaginary horizontal line located at 0  separates it into two equal halves called hemispheres. Everything above is NORTH and everything below is SOUTH measures distance in degrees north or south of the equator. run parallel to the equator – AKA parallels.

The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude.

Longitude Originates at the Prime Meridian, an imaginary line located at 0  separates it into two equal halves called hemispheres. Everything west is WEST and everything east is EAST measures distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian. they all meet at the poles. These are also known as meridians

The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian, the center of Earth, and the line of longitude.

Special Lines Prime Meridian - 0○ Equator - 0○ Tropic of Cancer- 23.5○ N Tropic of Capricorn – 23.5○ S Arctic Circle ○ N Antarctic Circle – 66.5○ S International Date Line - 180○ North pole - 90○ N South pole - 90○ S

The Grid The lines of latitude and longitude cross to create a grid The intersection of a line of latitude and a line of longitude is called a coordinate These coordinates allow for accurate location on the globe.

Time Zones Earth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a line of longitude and represents a different hour. There are some exceptions… The International Date Line, 180  meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days. Traveling west across the International Date Line advances your calendar one day. Traveling east moves your calendar back one day.

Projections Cartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper. The biggest problem facing cartographers is that the earth is round and trying to put it on a flat surface.

A Mercator projection is a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude. It clearly indicates direction in straight lines. It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.

Mercator Projection

A conic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas. It is used to make road maps and weather maps.

Conic Projection

A gnomonic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point. It is most useful for planning long travel routes. It is used for navigation.

Gnomonic Projection

Topographic Maps Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation. Depression contour lines have hachures, They indicate the direction of elevation change.

Geologic Maps A geologic map is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks May show geologic features fault lines.

Map Legends Common legend symbols

Map Scales These are used to represent distances on a map Verbal scales When referring to maps, verbal scales are statements used to express distance. Graphic Scale Represented by a line that represents a certain distance Fractional Scale Represented by a ratio between units

What type of scale is missing?

Questions for Discussion… What type of map scale is MOST useful?

Remote Sensing… Landsat Satellite TOPEX/Poseidon Seabeam Global Positioning System Geographic Information System

Landsat Various instruments mounted on satellites, airplanes and ships gather information Visible and infrared information is converted to a digital image. Also used to study phenomena like tectonic activity and pollution.

TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite Uses radar to map the ocean floor This is done using high frequency signals bouncing off of the surface of the ocean YES THE SURFACE Also used for tidal/current movement and sea level

Sea Beam Traditional sonar to “see” the ocean’s features used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling operations, oceanographers, volcanologists, and archaeologists

The Global Positioning System Like the name says, this system gives approximate position on the surface of Earth. Can also tell: elevation, direction of movement, and speed Used in planes, ships and even in everyday travel There are 27 GPS satellites hovering over Earth Using at least 3 to triangulate, position can me approximates to 10 meters

The Geographic Information System A database of information used to “layer” maps for a more comprehensive experience The layers are linked so that it is interactive and allows for changes to be quickly made