Memory

Three Kinds of Memory 1). Episodic: memories of the events that happen to a person or take place in the person’s presence Breakfast, Thanksgiving, birthdays

2). Semantic: general knowledge Three Kinds of Memory 2). Semantic: general knowledge Concerns meanings History dates, authors, facts Remember = episodic Know=semantic

3). Procedural: (skill memory) Knowledge of ways of doing things Three Kinds of Memory 3). Procedural: (skill memory) Knowledge of ways of doing things Ride a bike, drive a car Persevere even when you haven’t used it in a while

Mnemonic Device Systems for remembering in which items are related to easily recalled sets of symbols such as acronyms, phrases, or jingles ESP-episodic, semantic, procedural

Three Processes of Memory 1). Encoding: The first stage of information processing Modifying information so that it can be placed in memory Exercise 1:Recall list of letters a) Visual code-mental image b) Acoustic code-sequence of sounds c) Semantic code-mental representation of information according to its meaning THeUNitedSTatesOFAMerica THUNSTOFAM

Three Processes of Memory 2). Storage: the maintenance of information over time Maintenance rehearsal-mental repetition of information in order to keep it in memory

Three Processes of Memory 3). Retrieval: the location of stored information and its return to consciousness Not able to retrieve list because: Not encoded the list in a useful way Not entered the encoded information into storage Stored the information but lacked the proper cues for remembering

Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-term Long-term Linda? Janet? Tina? Lane? File Cabinet: People met at party Sensory Short-term Long-term Memory Memory Memory     This is Linda Storage & Retrieval Sensory Input Attention

Three Stages of Memory 1). Sensory Memory: the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus. Sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous

Sensory Memory Iconic- a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory Accurate, photographic memory for brief time Eidetic imagery- maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes Declines with age Echoic memory- sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli

Three Stages of Memory 2). Short-term Memory: (working memory) the stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays phone #’s, told a name at the party Fade significantly after 10-12 seconds if not rehearsed

Short-term Memory Serial-Position Effect: Exercise 2: Quarter Lists The tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series Primacy effect: Tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items Recency effect: Tendency to recall the last items in a series of items

GM-CBS-IBM-ATT-CIA-FBI Short-term Memory Exercise 3 & 4: Chunking: A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information Exercise 3-tic tac toe grid Exercise 4-move dash to left GM-CBS-IBM-ATT-CIA-FBI

Short-term Memory Rote learning: mechanical associative learning that is based on repetition Interference/Displace: to cause chunks of information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new items

Memory

Long-term Memory The third stage of processing of information capable of relatively permanent storage vast storehouse of information containing names, dates, places

Long-term Memories How accurate? Elizabeth Loftus: -schemas -memories are distorted by our biases and needs and by the ways in we conceptualize our worlds -schemas

Schemas A way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations

Example Loftus: Showed video on car crash Questionnaire asked how fast the cars were going at the time of the crash “Smashed” 41 mph “Hit”34 mph Words “hit” and “smashed” caused people to organize their knowledge about the crash in different ways

Eye-Witness Testimony Words chosen by an experimenter and those chosen by a lawyer interrogating a witness can influence the reconstruction of memories

Eye-Witness Testimony Hypnosis-can amplify and distort memories Identification of criminals-people pay more attention to clothing rather than height, weight, facial features Improvement-describe what happened rather than pump witness with suggestions

Short-term to Long-term Maintenance rehearsal-repetition but not effective way to place info in permanent storage vs. Elaborative rehearsal: relating new material to well-known material (meaningful) Vocabulary

Flashbulb Memories Exercise: First Kiss or Love We tend to remember events that occur under unusual, emotionally arousing circumstances Ex. 5-Write down your 3 most vivid memories Ex: September 11th, first kiss, death of a loved one, heartache

Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved Incomplete or imperfect learning May not know exact answer but we know something Ex.6-List the 7 dwarfs

Two S’s, Two D’s, Three Emotions Seven Dwarfs Sleepy Sneezy Dopey Doc Grumpy Bashful Happy Two S’s, Two D’s, Three Emotions

Context-Dependent Memory Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned Ex: Yen’s room? Scene of crime, under water experiment How many of you visualize where you were when trying to remember a concept?

State-Dependent Memory Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned Ex: under the influence, mood-happy, angry, sad

Forgetting Failure to recognize a nonsense syllable that has been read before We don’t encode info we don’t consider useful (questions) Memory tasks used in measuring forgetting Recognition Recall Relearning

Exercise 7: Encoding Failure Which letters do not appear on the telephone dial? Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides do they typically have? In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch? What is pictured on the back of a $20? What four words besides “In God We Trust” appear on most US coins?

Answers Which letters do not appear on the telephone dial? (Q, Z) Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides do they typically have? (6) In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch? (Right) What is pictured on the $20? (White House) What four words besides “In God We Trust” appear on most US coins? (United States of America)

Recognition Easiest type of memory task, involving identification of objects or events encountered before Ex: multiple choice questions Recognize photos of old classmates easier than recalling their names

Recall Retrieval or reconstruction of learned material More difficult than recognition (Ex.8-Draw both sides of a penny) Recall task-person must retrieve a syllable with another syllable serving as a cue (fill in the blank) Meaningful links help

Relearning A measure of retention. Material is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initially Ex: Future Psych classes

Interference Theory We forget material in short-term and long-term memory because newly learned material interferes with it Retroactive vs. Proactive

Retroactive Interference New learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning Ex: Italian interfered with Spanish when I returned Your examples?

Proactive Interference Old learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material Ex: Spanish made learning Italian more difficult Your examples?

Repression Freud: We are motivated to forget painful memories and unacceptable ideas because they produce anxiety, guilt, and shame

Infantile Amnesia Exercise: Write down your earliest memory Inability to recall events that occur prior to the age or 2 or 3 No meaningful stories or connections No reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events

Anterograde Amnesia Failure to remember events that occur after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma H.M.-couldn’t transfer info from short-term to long-term

Retrograde Amnesia Failure to remember events that occur prior to physical trauma because the effects of the trauma

Which one? Anterograde Amnesia Or Retrograde Amnesia