AMMA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses Analyses Multidisciplinaires de la Mousson Africaine Afrikanischer Monsun: Multidisziplinäre Analysen  Analisis Multidiciplinar de los Monzones Africanos  Afrikanske Monsun : Multidisiplinære Analyser

Factor 2 Annual rainfall & runoff deficit

How well do GCMs simulate the annual cycle? GCMs tend to have an early rainfall onset + higher precipitation than really observed

Short background: West African Monsoon Still numerous fundamental issues:  # Reasons for the rainfall deficit are still uncertain (The largest regionally observed one over the last 50 years)  # GCM weakness for the simulation of WAM and its variability  # Weak skills for weather and seasonal forecasts  # WA an important source for atmospheric chemistry & aerosols: convective transports, exchanges tropo-strato, … not quantified  # Dynamical structures known but their interactions not quantified  # … A major difficulty: Interactions of numerous processes that develop over a wide range of scales

The geophysical sphere Integrative science: West African Monsoon and the global climate The water cycle Surface atmosphere feedbacks Scaling issues in the West African Monsoon Process studies: Convection and atmospheric processes Oceanic Processes Physical and biological processes over land- surfaces Aerosol and chemical processes in the atmosphere Process studies are only the first step towards a better understanding and prediction of the African monsoon

From a french initiative …towards AMMA  2000: French community selected the WAM as a major research topic with the support of the french agencies (CNES, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Meteo-France)  Observational and modeling activities exist over WA:  (CATCH, IMPETUS, JET2000, PROMISE, AMIP, individual works, ….)   Need of coordination & re-enforcement  Numerous coming satellites missions (research & operational) presenting a strong interest for the WAM (Clouds, Aerosols, Chemistry, Hydrology)  Need of specific & coordinated efforts over Africa  Favorable international context: CLIVAR-Africa, GEWEX (GHP, GCSS, …), EU programs (WAMP, PROMISE, …),...  Help to re-enforce collaborations between countries & disciplinaries  2001: French proposition open at the International Community (White book)  2002: Increasing international activity to build up AMMA  Meetings in Africa (Niger), Europe (UK, Germany), USA  Numerous researchers and agencies from African countries, Europe, USA have declared their strong interest to participate  2003: - AMMA becomes in France a ‘Inter-Organisms National Program’ - AMMA Scientific Steering Committees exist in Africa (AMMANET), UK, US and France - First draft of International Science Plan is nearly finished - « Commitments » exist from funding agencies (USA, UK, France, Germany) - Projects endorsed by CLIVAR & GEWEX  2004: - AMMA becomes an European Integrated Project - the AMMA International Scientific Steering Committee is formed (1st meeting July 26th).

African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses Analyses Multidisciplinaires de la Mousson Africaine  Afrikanischer Monsun: Multidisziplinäre Analysen Analisi Multidisciplinare per il Monsone Africano  Afrikanske Monsun : Multidisiplinære Analyser  Analisis Multidiciplinar de los Monzones Africanos  Afrikaanse Moesson Multidisciplinaire Analyse The European AMMA Integrated Project

A consortium of 40 partners Coordination : IPSL Core group : IRD U. Leeds U. Köln DLR CEH U Copenhagen CNRM U. East Anglia ISAC/CNR African partners : AGRHYMET CERMES EIER ACMAD Industrial partners : Vaisala OSIL Other partners : CIRAD, ECMWF, IBIMET, KNMI,...

The resources of the consortium The EU contribution to AMMA will enhance and federate national initiatives : Partner institutions : human resources France : INSU, IRD, CNES, Météo-France and MAE are contributing to a national AMMA program. U.K. : NERC proposal Germany : IMPETUS and GLOWA-Volta projects Italy : Proposal to national agencies Denmark : INTEO project A total of 578 person.years will be dedicated to the AMMA- IP over the next 5 years. 133 person.years will be funded by the EU.

The AMMA IP calendar October 2003 : the AMMA-IP pre-proposal submitted to the EU. December 2003 : Solicitation for a full proposal. February 2004 : full proposal submitted. June 2004 : Definition of the first 18 month plan and negotiation with the EU. October 2004 : Signature of the consortium agreement by all partners. December 2004 : signature of the contract with the EU. January 2005 : start of the project and the enhanced observing period : Special observing periods : end of the AMMA-IP project.

Descrip PERIODS Long Term Observation Period (LOP) Inter-annual and decadal variability  Numerous historical data exist, but need of a tremendous effort to collect, homogenize, document and distribute those data.  New observations for the period Enhanced Observation Period (EOP) Two whole seasons ( )  Document along the zonal and meridional transects, the seasonal cycle (surface & atmosphere)  “Surface memory”  Document the chemical species and aerosols Special Observation Periods (SOP) Rainy season of 2006 (IOPs of 2 to 4 days) SOP 1 Pre-monsoon & Onset stages (~ 10 May- 5 July) SOP 2 Monsoon maximum (~ 15 July - 15 Aug) SOP 3 Late Monsoon (~ 15 Aug Sept) The AMMA Periods of Observations

Importance of the Gulf of Guinea for the WAM? + High sea surface temperature ( fluxes) variability ! (cold tongue, equatorial and coastal upwellings, ) => Northward penetration of moist air from the Gulf of Guinea up to the Sahelian domain that strongly conditions the WAM (onset and intensity) Feb Aug. 2000

EGEE: French oceanographic component of AMMA Exchanges at the ocean-atmosphere interface : - Restitution of flux fields over the GG - Analysis from numerical OGCM - Experiments from high resolution models - Analyzis of the influence of surface heterogeneities Circulation and oceanic processes in the GG (+ off Senegal+Guinea Dome): - Coastal and equatorial upwellings studies + Cold tongue - Mixing processes and water masses conversion studies - Currents and hydrological measurements + analysis - Zonal currents dynamic and their termination in the GG - Tropical Instability Waves Studies (Jason projects). - Coastal upwelling off Canaries (with ROMS numerical model) - Dispersion/diffusion experiment in the GG (numerical and profilers) Hydrology of the upper layers in the GG : - Comparative studies of SST products - Salinity in the GG studies (barrier layer effet? Influence on dynamic and SST?). - Mixed Layer depth and heat content studies - Models results analysis and validation, diagnostic studies

API LOP&SOP LOP & EOP EGEE Measurements :  SST, SSS, meteorological parameters, currents VM-ADCP  Profiles CTD-O2 ( m) + currents L-ADCP + XBT  SW Analysis for S, O2, nutrients, CO2, O18, C13 parameters  Deployements of SVP & PROVOR (ARGO-CORIOLIS)  ? PIRATA moorings maintaining Perhaps: 12 Marvor drifters at 800m (resp. M.Ollitrault, LPO) Cruises EOP ( boreal spring and fall 2005 & 2007 ) Cruises 2005 almost programmed (Priority 1, with R/V SUROIT )

EGEE Cruise SOP-1 ( boreal spring 2006 ) Flux measurements  Turbulent Fluxes  Hydrological parameters  Currents + nutrients => ? Deep layers with tracers ?  Atmospheric measurements at the interface : - Instrumented mast (or similar) for HF measurements (50Hz) of turbulence, Thermodynamical parameters and radiation (0.1Hz). -Radio-soundings (complementation of the radiosoundings network on the continent & sampling of the vertical profile of the flux entering over West African during the monsoon onset period. -Surface drifters “Marisonde”. Mai-June : Cotonou -> section 3°E -> Pointe Noire -> Sao Tome -> Cotonou June-July : Cotonou -> section 3°E -> section 6°S -> 10°W -> Abidjan (?)  Repetition of the « Bénin » section at 3°E (to have measurements during the ITCZ latitudinal drop) => Maybe a second R/V (Antéa) along the 3°E section Almost programmed (Priority 1, with R/V L’ATALANTE) API SOP

=> Air-Sea Interactions over warm waters in relationship with / during “cyclogenesis” - Atmospheric Mesurements at the interface - Radio-sounding - Drifting buoys “Marisonde” (surface & subsurface) & maybe “Aeroclippers” from Cap Vert => During both SOP cruises: - Need of PIRATA buoys in the GG and farther west and north - Close connections with TACE project studies - Links and coordination with TACE & US-AMMA cruises (Ron brown) - Links and coordination with IFM-Kiel in the framework of the EU IP. EGEE Cruise SOP-3 ( End August-September 2006 ) - Dakar-> Cap Vert, - Guinea Dome, - 10°W. Almost programmed (Priority 1) API SOP (2)

2006 –SOP: US-AMMA & TACE field works implementation + attempts to get second R/V available, Antéa in the GG during SOP 1 off Bénin, Senegalese R/V during SOP 3 off Dakar

EGEE LINKS WITH PIRATA, ARGO & CORIOLIS Pirata FR11b -Feb.2003ETO_Beautemps-Beaupré, -May.2003 Pirata FR12 -Jan-Feb XBT - SVP - ARGO profilers - ADCP + Tsgraph … Next one: Marion-Dufresne -July Real time transmission of XBT and CTD profiles for MERCATOR/GODAE (& ADCP from the Beautemps-Beaupré)

Measurements at SAO TOME Island (Equ., 6°E) 2) Tide gauge maintained by IRD since 1980s. - Pressure, Atm. pressure + SST & SSS. - Part of GLOOS. - GPS positioned (in December 2002) 1) Installation of a meteorological station in October 2003 (same parameters than PIRATA buoys  eastward extension of the PIRATA atmospheric measurements) EGEE

EGEE Failed in December 2003! (rare electronic component failure…) Next intervention ASAP!!! However, HF (10mn) measurements from October, 17, 11h30 to December, 11, 24h. Meteorological Station at São Tomé 24h measurements (Nov. 5, 2003)

Wind fields comparison: EGEE Meteorological Station at São Tomé Quickscat (black)-SãoTomé (red)Pirata 0-0 (blue); Quickscat (black); ECMWF (green) Very first and raw conclusions: - Be careful to the used product… - Quickscat known to overestimate for weak wind speed values but about OK in open sea (pirata sites) - ? Effect of sensors height not corrected + orography effect on diffusiometry (Quickscat) and probably on São Tomé measurements to evaluate! For air-sea exchanges and flux estimates (=> & coupled models), urgent need of precise winds (& humidity) in situ measurements