1 Covalent bonds l Nonmetals hold onto their valence electrons. l They cant give away electrons to bond. l Still want noble gas configuration. l Get it by sharing valence electrons with each other. l By sharing both atoms get to count the electrons toward noble gas configuration.

2 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons F

3 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven FF

4 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

5 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

6 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

7 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

8 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

9 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons l Both end with a full 2nd shell FF

10 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons l Both end with full orbitals FF 8 Valence electrons

11 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons l Both end with full orbitals FF 8 Valence electrons

12 Single Covalent Bond l Hydrogen needs one more electron to fill its outer shell…so two atoms share.. H. H. Fluorine has 7 in the 2nd shell so it also needs just one more….so two atoms share.

13 Water H O Each hydrogen has 1 valence electron Each hydrogen wants 1 more The oxygen has 6 valence electrons The oxygen wants 2 more They share to make each other happy

14 Water l Put the pieces together l The first hydrogen is happy l The oxygen still wants one more H O

15 Water l The second hydrogen attaches l Every atom has full energy levels H O H

16 Multiple Bonds l Sometimes atoms share more than one pair of valence electrons. l A double bond is when atoms share two pair (4) of electrons. l A triple bond is when atoms share three pair (6) of electrons.

17 Carbon dioxide l CO 2 - Carbon is central atom ( I have to tell you) l Carbon has 4 valence electrons l Wants 4 more l Oxygen has 6 valence electrons l Wants 2 more O C

18 Carbon dioxide l Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1 short and the carbon 3 short O C

19 Carbon dioxide l Attaching the second oxygen leaves both oxygen 1 short and the carbon 2 short O C O

20 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O C O

21 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O C O

22 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O CO

23 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O CO

24 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O CO

25 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O CO

26 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O CO

27 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O CO 8 valence electrons

28 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O CO 8 valence electrons

29 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O CO 8 valence electrons

30 NHH H Examples l Draw in the bonds l All 8 electrons are accounted for l Everything is full

31 Polar Molecules Molecules with ends

32 Intermolecular Forces What holds molecules to each other

33 Dipole Interactions

34 Hydrogen bonding H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O