Independence in Africa

The Big Ideas The Quest for National Self- Determination is Universal Although most African Nations won Independence from Colonial Rulers after WWII, many fell Victim to Military Regimes and one party states.

The Transition to Independence Colonial Rule over Africa by 1900 After WWII, most European Nations end Colonial Rule Most countries were freed, but some white rulers held on 17 new nations by 1960; Mostly British Colonies 11 more by 1965; Mostly British Colonies France freed Morocco and Tunisia; kept Algeria- 1 million French settlers lived there; Algerian nationals rebel De Gaulle frees Algeria in 1962 Portugal held on to colonies, led to guerilla warfare Mozambique and Angola became free in 1970s.

Kwame Nkrumah Gold Coast, 1 st colony freed Renamed Ghana Leader of new country African Socialism Ownership of wealth into hands of the people

South Africa Afrikaners- Descendants of Dutch settlers, Ruling White Class Repressive Apartheid: Apartness Segregation African National Congress (ANC) 1912 Against repression Tried reform, little success

South Africa- Apartheid Blacks demonstrated against Apartheid 1960, protest in Sharpeville- 69 killed Many shot in back ANC leader, Nelson Mandela arrested (27 years) Leads to more armed resistance

Why might it be harder to establish a stable government than to achieve independence? Easier to tear down the old than to build up the new Changing the culture/ legacy of imperialism can be difficult

Obstacles of the New Nations Main Idea- The newly independent African states faced significant political, economic and health challenges. For many, dream of good society still unrealized New African Leaders come to power Most come from urban middle class Studied in Europe or U.S.- Western ideals

New Leaders Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya Educated in Britain Formed Kenya African National Union Imprisoned for supporting Mau Mau Movement Led country to freedom President from Western style capitalism

Pan-Africanism Unity of all Black Africans- regardless of national boundaries Nkrumah supported along with Leopold Senghor of Senegal, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Jomo Kenyatta. Never became reality Organization of African Unity (OAU) founded in , African Union 53 nation groups

The Obstacles of Africa Economic Problems Over reliance on raw export/materials Price fluctuation- World market Poor balance of trade- importing technology Foreign debt- Debt crisis Scarce money spent on military Corruption and Bribery Population explosion cripples economy; 3% by 1980 Drought; extended and expansive Leads to malnourishment and starvation Political unrest and civil war Massive Poverty

Economic Problems cont. Poverty bad in rural areas- 75% Migration to cities Shantytowns Overwhelms city services Massive Wealth Gap Wabenzi- Mercedes Benz people

The AIDS Epidemic in Africa

Health Problems-AIDS Epidemic in Africa 8% of Africans 25 million of 38 million in world in Africa 12 million children plus lose both parents to AIDS Become orphans Due to lack of funding, unable to stop epidemic No drugs, no education Uganda has made strides in promoting health and sex ed. Lowered new infection rates

Political Challenges “One Person, One Vote.” Nope… Military Regimes and one party states Cold War plays out here too Marxist Ethiopia, supported by Soviets U.S. puts military base in Somalia

Political Challenges; Ethnic Ethnic fighting Western Imperialism and arbitrary lines drawn Conflict in Nigeria 1960s Ibo people killed by northerners- migrate to home region Lt. Colonel Odumegu Ojukwu leads the Ibo, declares free nation of Biafra 2 ½ years later, bloody civil war, Nigeria reunited

Political/Ethnic Conflicts cont. Central Africa-Rwanda Hutu and Tutsi tribes In 1994, Civil War, 500,000 Killed, mostly Tutsis Tutsi gain power, Hutu flee to DR of Congo Civil War in Congo; 3.5 million people die, hunger and disease

The Darfur Region In Sudan Arab Militants- “Reign of Terror” Genocide of African Tribal Groups 450,000? Estimates U.N. Millions need assistance, millions have fled

New Hope In the 90s, many dictatorships fall Desmond Tutu- worked to free Mandela Won a Nobel Peace prize in 1984 Leader of Non-violent movement against Apartheid Apartheid ends in South Africa, 1994 due to Worldwide pressure and work of Tutu Mandela is freed 1990 F.W. de Klerk holds free elections in 93 Mandela elected president in 94 In Uganda, Idi Aman is overthrown Repressive dictator Ethiopia, Liberia and Somalia; fall of dictators Civil wars do follow for many of these countries

Society and Culture Tension between old world and new African heritage vs. Western ideology Industrialization changes the continent Unlike the West, changes forced on Africa Cities more west; Countryside, more traditional

Society and Culture cont. Women’s roles Independence changed women’s lives Vote or hold office Some jobs, but not access to many jobs like men Arranged marriage in the rural areas

African Culture For artists; challenge to find balance of new and old Countries instruct artists to depict scenes of traditional African life Tourism/ lucrative

African Art Cultural tensions reflected in literature Write about struggle of roots vs new environment Chinua Achebe; Nigerian Novelist “Things Fall Apart” Traditional vs. Western values

What dilemmas face Society and Culture in Modern Africa? Constant tensions between traditional and western culture People in cities follow western ways People in rural areas follow more traditional ways-African Heritage Artists face dilemma of balance between western techniques, training and rich heritage of African art form

Conflict in the Middle East Big Idea: Nationalism, fueled by religious passion, has led to recurring violence and continuing efforts at international mediation

Conflict in the Middle East Main Idea: The creation of Israel as a Jewish State in Palestine led to decades of conflict between Israelis and Palestinian Arabs New Nations emerge after WWII Syria, Lebanon and Jordan gain independence All Muslim except for one…. Israel!!

Israel and Palestine May 14, 1948, David Ben Gurion- 1 st PM proclaims state of Israel Leads to conflict Jews and Muslims Zionism Huge #’s of Jews flee here in 20s and 30s UN resolution; Divides Jewish state and Palestinian state Issues Today?

Nasser and Pan-Arabism Colonel Abdul Gamal Nasser- 50s July 26, 1956 seizure of Suez Canal Britain, France and Israel vs. Egypt, US and Soviets??? Nasser is hero to Egypt Pan-Arabism- Arab Unity

Pan- Arabism and UAR Feb Egypt and Syria unite- United Arab Republic- UAR Nasser 1 st President of UAR Hopes to unite all Arab states Other leaders suspicious Oil rich nations going to share with poor nations? 61, Syria overthrown, UAR falls Nasser continues work on Arab Unity

The Arab-Israeli Dispute In 50s and 60s, dispute escalates 67, Nasser blockades Israel Six-day war Israel dominates, takes more territory from Palestinians and beats other Arab nations

The Arab-Israeli Dispute cont. Nasser dies in 1970 Anwar el-Sadat succeeds him Attacks Israel in 73 UN ceasefire in 74 In 79, Sadat, Pres. Carter and PM Begin sign Camp David Accords- Peace Many Arab nations refuse to recognize Israel

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Control price of Oil Set world price 1973, OPEC raises prices, cuts production- oil shortages in the West Massive world power

Yasser Arafat and the PLO Palestine Liberation Organization Yasser Arafat leader, also leader of al- Fatah, launches terrorist attacks on Israel In 80s, Palestinians start Intifada, “uprising” In 93, Israel and PLO reach agreement Terrorism is rampant in Israel today

Turmoil in Iran and Iraq In 1979, an Iranian Revolution set up an Islamic republic headed by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni, while in Iraq, the dictator Saddam Hussein tried to strengthen his role in the Middle East.

Turmoil in Iran and Iraq Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi- U.S. chief ally in Mid East Many Iranians did not approve of Shah, to west influence Flees country and Khomeini takes over Islamic Republic established In Iran Hostage situation, 52 hostages takes, 442 days Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq since 1979 In 1980, Saddam launches brutal war on Iran Uses children to clear minefields and poison gas on civilians Battle over Strait of Hormuz War drags on, issues never resolved Cease fire in 1988 Khomeini dies in 89

And now… on Guided Reading and Section Assessment 2, questions 4 and 5. Tomorrow…

Section 3: Terrorism

Modern Terrorism Big Idea- Terrorists kill civilians, take hostages, and hijack planes to advance their goals. Do not organize or negotiate Strong beliefs; enough to die for their cause Their goals can vary IRA- unite Northern Ireland

Modern Terrorism cont. State Sponsored Terrorism- work for one nation to undermine the government of another Iraq, Iran, Syria, North Korea Many causes of terrorism Modern vs. Traditional Islamic cultures Extremists stir up resentment against the wealthy by those who live in poverty Israeli-Palestine conflict- if it was solved, might create peace

Why target the U.S.? Since WWII, a majority of terrorist attacks carried out by Middle Eastern groups against Western countries Several reasons; U.S. role in enriching wealthy families involved in oil Western ideologies and culture spreading in the Middle East- Fundamentalist Islamic backlash Political and Financial support of Israel

Modern Terrorism cont. Conservative Islamic society in Iran 1979 Changes women’s roles- going backwards After WWII, King of Afghanistan seeks support from Soviets 1978, Soviet friendly leaders in power. 1979, Soviets invade, install Babrak Karmal as PM. U.S. supports rebels, Islamic Afghans Osama Bin Laden and al-Qaeda contributes to rebels In 1996, Taliban takes control of Afghanistan and buildup al- Qaeda Bin Laden wants to drive Westerners out Islamic countries and in 1998, calls on followers to kill Americans

The Attack of 9/11 Sept. 11, 2001, thousands of people killed Osama bin Laden and al- Qaeda linked to attack U.S. and allies attack Afghanistan, Taliban in October 2001 Government toppled by Christmas New Leader, Hamid Karzai, many challenges ahead Patriot Act passed and Department of Homeland Security formed- Anti- terrorism

The Iraq Factor The Big Idea: In March 2003, a U.S.- led coalition attacked Iraq, believing that it possessed weapons of mass destruction; when none were found, many questioned the decision to begin the war January 2002, Pres. Bush makes “Axis of Evil” speech- Iraq, Iran and North Korea Iraq is immediate threat- WMDs Bush seeks support from Congress and the world in 2002, to justify the war. UN sends weapons inspectors, but the U.S. readied for war. March 2003, U.S. led coalition attacks Iraq.

The Iraq Factor May 1, 2003, Bush declares victory In 2004, no WMDs found; Intelligence was flawed Many Iraqis happy Hussein is out of power, but unhappy with U.S. and coalition presence in Iraq. Insurgent, terrorist attacks increase Very costly; rebuilding Iraq and in lives June 28, 2004, power officially transferred to Iyad Allawi- interim prime minister Large challenge ahead

Class Discussion- Soc. Seminar Discuss the topic questions with the class Express your views, use evidence to support your views, or ask clarifying questions in response to other students views Keep answers to a minute in length Be respectful of your fellow classmates Everyone needs to actively participate Have fun!

Topic Questions: Terrorism What comes to mind when you hear the word terrorism or terrorist? What/How do you define someone as a terrorist? What causes people to become terrorists? Can you understand the viewpoints of a terrorist? Does terrorism work? Do they achieve their goals? Do other parts of the world consider the U.S. to be a terrorist organization? Why? Will the future get better or worse? Will there be more acts of terrorism in the future?

Terrorism What current events or policies in the world might cause future terrorists to form? How much of your privacy are you willing to give up for security? Does this make you safer?