Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and Tonkawas Plains Peoples Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and Tonkawas

Apache became fierce fighters after arriving in America Apache comes from the Zuni word apachu which means enemy. There were six Apache tribes and two lived in Texas: Lipans and Mescaleros. They were warlike people and among the first to ride horses. known for raiding other tribes pushed the Tonkawas and Jumanos out of their territory pushed out of their territory by the Comanches

Apache – Geographic Characteristics Great Plains One of the bands lived in the Panhandle, and the other one lived a little further south. high plains

Apache – Food nomads hunter-gatherer farmed a little but mostly hunted corn, beans, pumpkins, and watermelon buffalo and small animals Buffalo was their favorite animal to hunt. They used the buffalo for everything: food, cooking pots, clothes, shelter, and tools.

Apache – Shelter lived in villages lived in tipis covered with buffalo hides

Apache – Appearance wore clothing made of deerskin and buffalo hide to keep them warm in the winter men wore breechcloth women wore buckskin dresses clothing was often fringed and beaded for decoration moccasins

Apache – Economics traded furs with the Europeans and other tribes mostly traded things for corn known for raiding and stealing things like corn and other goods stole horses from the Europeans

Apache – Social close knit families Women were in charge of the home. cooked tended to the children built houses helped defend against attackers Men were hunters, warriors, and leaders. known for raiding other villages and pushing tribes off of their land

Apache – Political Each band had its own chief. elected by a tribal council Important decisions were made by the tribal council. Chief’s job was to mediate between other Apaches.

Apache – Religion believed in a single creator believed the earth was sacred and that no one owned it; it should be shared believed that every living thing has a purpose called on spirits for help in daily loves in religious ceremonies Women often served as shamans (spiritual leaders).

Comanche Fierce warriors of the plains came to Texas around the 1700s Known as skilled hunters, fighters, and riders cooperated with the Apaches at first but later pushed them south

Comanche – Geographic Characteristics moved from Wyoming to the Texas Panhandle by riding horses they stole from the Europeans; Great Plains They pushed both the Apaches and Jumanos further south.

Comanche – Food nomads hunted buffalo all year long for food, clothing, tools, and shelter gathered plants, nuts, and other foods

Comanche – Shelter lived in tipis lived in tipis covered with buffalo hide

Comanche – Appearance women had short hair; men wore long hair parted in the middle with a braid on each side wore clothing made of deerskin and buffalo hide to keep them warm in the winter men wore buckskin war shirts and breechcloths women wore deerskin dresses clothing was often fringed and painted with tribal designs moccasins

Comanche – Economics stole from and traded with other tribes often traded stolen things, horses, and people previously kidnapped mostly traded things for crops

Comanche – Social Women were in charge of the home. cooked tended to the children built houses helped defend against attackers Men were hunters, warriors, and leaders. known for raiding other villages and pushing tribes off of their land

Comanche – Political Each band had its own chief. elected by a tribal council Chiefs earned their positions by being skilled fighters. Important decisions were made by the tribal council.

Comanche – Religion believed in a single creator believed the earth was sacred and that no one owned it; it should be shared believed that every living thing has a purpose believed in having religious ceremonies

Kiowa came to Texas in the 1800s raided other tribes and white settlers were enemies of the Comanches but later became allies

Kiowa – Geographic Characteristics Great Plains lived in the northern Panhandle high plains

Kiowa – Food nomads hunted buffalo all year long for food, clothing, tools, and shelter Hunted small game and rabbits Gathered wild potatoes, fruits, and nuts

Kiowa – Shelter lived in tipis lived in tipis covered with buffalo hide

Kiowa – Appearance Both men and women had long hair; only cut hair when in mourning wore clothing made of deerskin and buffalo hide to keep them warm in the winter men wore buckskin war shirts and breechcloths women wore deerskin dresses clothing was often fringed, painted with tribal designs, and decorated with ribbons and fancy beading moccasins

Kiowa – Economics traded with other tribes liked to trade buffalo hides and meat for crops like corn raided other tribes stole horses

Kiowa – Social often fought with other tribes Women were in charge of the home. cooked tended to the children built houses helped defend against attackers Men were hunters, warriors, and leaders. known for raiding other villages and pushing tribes off of their land

Kiowa – Political Each band had its own chief. elected by a tribal council Chiefs earned their positions by being skilled fighters. Important decisions were made by the tribal council.

Kiowa – Religion believed in a single creator believed the earth was sacred and that no one owned it; it should be shared believed that every living thing has a purpose believed in having religious ceremonies

Tonkawa Tonkawa means, “the people of the Wolf”. claimed they were all descended from the wolf never killed a wolf refused to farm because wolves didn’t farm friendly with the Karankawas

Tonkawa – Geographic Characteristics Coastal and Great Plains lived near present-day Austin and San Antonio

Tonkawa – Food nomads hunted buffalo all year long for food, clothing, tools, and shelter became hunter-gatherers after Apaches pushed them out of their territory gathered roots, seeds, fruit, and nuts hunted rabbits, skunks, rats, rattlesnakes, and turtles

Tonkawa – Shelter lived in tipis covered with buffalo hide After being pushed out of territory, they covered their tipis with brush and grass.

Tonkawa – Appearance Men wore breechcloths and painted buffalo robes. Women wore wraparound deerskin skirts and shawls made of rabbit fur. Men wore breechcloths and painted buffalo robes. made beautifully decorated moccasins but only wore them on special occasions Hair: Men- long and braided; sometimes cut the left side short; feather tied to a lock of hair Women- loose or one long braid wore tribal tattoos

Tonkawa – Economics traded with other tribes often traded buffalo meat for corn often traded with Europeans for firearms

Tonkawa – Social friendly and had a good relationship with Karankawas, Coahuiltecans, Jumanos, and Caddoes enemies with Comanches and Apaches pushed out of their territory by Apaches and Comanches

Tonkawa – Political Each band had its own chief. elected by a tribal council Chiefs earned their positions by being skilled fighters. Important decisions were made by the tribal council.

Tonkawa – Religion believed in a single creator believed the earth was sacred and that no one owned it; it should be shared believed that every living thing has a purpose performed dances for religious ceremonies