Boreal Forest

Coniferous Trees Evergreen trees Needle-leaves Can survive cold winters and uneven precipitation

Boreal Forest Animals Photo 4 Squirrel Lynx Beaver Moose Wolf

The Prairies

Grasslands It is very dry in the south In the north, moist enough for ranching and agriculture, but not moist enough for trees

Prairie Animals Deer Owl Groundhog Bison

Interior Mountain Range Varied vegetation Pine forests Small shrubs Grasses

Animals of the Interior Mountains 0 Mountain Sheep Bears Mountain Sheep

Coastal Forest Coniferous Rainforest The mild temperature and heavy precipitation allows the trees to grow extremely large -up to 90m tall

RESOURCES IN CANADA: FUR

WOOD

FISH

LAND!!!!

PIONEER LIFE

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA

British North America Upper Canada: “up” the St. Lawrence River (part of Ontario) Lower Canada: “down” the St. Lawrence River (part of Quebec) Maritime Provinces: -Newfoundland-New Brunswick, -Nova Scotia-Prince Edward Island

Fear of attack from the US made the ties to Britain stronger Many immigrants from the US and Britain CHEAP LAND! Loyalists: Americans who did not support the American Revolution and remained loyal to Britain Native people dying from European diseases

THE WAR OF 1812 US tried to invade British North America to gain more territory French, British and First Nations fought to keep the Americans back Neither side won or lost territory

HOWEVER... Upper and Lower Canada was ruled by wealthy British who tried to: prevent an American-style government accumulate as much wealth as possible Had a system of unfair land policies & bad government

Problems Begin to Arise... Americans who came to Canada wanted equal opportunity for all Poor British had come to escape this type of government French resented British rulers

UPPER CANADA: 1800s Newest colony Populated by mostly Americans Few roads Lots of forests Clearing land was very difficult Family farm took 20 or more years to clear Cooperation between neighbors Church, maybe a small school

Took years to get a decent crop that would not be entirely consumed to feed the whole family or sold to pay off debt Almost everyone in debt and mortgaged their next crop to obtain supplies What does mortgage mean? To use as security on a loan: “I will give you half of the corn I grow if you loan me $XXX”

Barter economy: exchange goods and services rather than money Farmer would pay for work by doctor, or builder with wheat or corn Determine the value of each product/service and then exchange ON BOARD: Advantages and Disadvantages from the point of : teenagers-small businesses -Cdn economy Younger students barter: why?

Homework Read pages begin a chapter vocabulary list defining the following terms: Metis Monopoly Mortgage Money economy Barter economy

HOMEWORK READ Do any definitions in bold (5) May have a quiz next class on definitions and on challenges, reasons to come to Canada, and on resources

Using pages 14 & 15 in your textbook, answer the following questions: The Land of Yesterday (p.14-15) 1) Why did immigrants come to Upper Canada after the War of 1812? 2) Describe the economy of the Maritimes. 3) Who was the HBC and the NWC? 4) Where was the most desirable land located? Why do you think this was so? 5) How were the goals of the fur traders, Metis, and First Nations people different from the European and American immigrants? 6) Examine Table 1.1. What were the top three animals (in numbers) killed that year?

Answers: 1. Many immigrants came for the rich and inexpensive farmland. 2. The economy in the Maritimes was based on shipbuilding and trade with Britain and New England. Newfoundland’s economy was based on fish and timber 3. The Hudson’s Bay Company and Northwest Company fought for control of the fur trade and set up trading posts

4. The most desirable land was found in Upper Canada near the US because the soil was very fertile and there was a lot of available timber and water. 5. European and American immigrants wanted to set up boundaries, surveys, schools, etc., and fur traders, Metis and First Nations did not. 6. The top three animals killed that year were deers, beavers, and muskrats