INTERHANDS/SOUTHCOM October 2000 Jim Kunder THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN COMMUNITY (“Who Are These Guys? And, What Do They Want From Me?”)

Kunder/Reali Associates Presentation Outline Who Shows Up During “Complex Emergencies?” Know Your Partners! What Are All These Folks Doing? The Coordination Mechanisms Avoiding The Common Mistakes What Does The Future Hold?

Kunder/Reali Associates “Complex Emergency” A humanitarian crisis in a country or region where there is a total or considerable BREAKDOWN of authority resulting from internal and/or external conflict, which requires an international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency. The crisis may be worsened by natural disasters. SUCH A CRISIS OFTEN ENTAILS SIGNIFICANT SECURITY RISKS BOTH TO THE POPULACE AND TO RESPONDING ORGANIZATIONS.

Kunder/Reali Associates Useful Definitions “NGOs”Non-governmental Organizations “PVOs”Private Voluntary Organizations “IOs”International Organizations

Kunder/Reali Associates

Deprivation due to family impoverishment…

Kunder/Reali Associates …injury, illness, disability

Kunder/Reali Associates …separation from families

Kunder/Reali Associates …displacement from home

Kunder/Reali Associates value distortion…

Kunder/Reali Associates Missed schooling…

Kunder/Reali Associates …torture, arrest and detention, sexual and physical abuse, psychosocial distress, abduction and slavery, recruitment…

Kunder/Reali Associates Death…

Kunder/Reali Associates Complex Emergencies Afghanistan Angola Balkans Caucasus (Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia) Central African Republic Congo DPR Korea East Timor Eritrea/Ethiopia Great Lakes Region Guinea-Bissau Horn of Africa Drought Indonesia (Maluku; Timor) Iraq Liberia Russian Fed. (Chechnya) Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tajikistan

Kunder/Reali Associates The International Humanitarian Community UNITED NATIONS HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES (OCHA, UNICEF, UNHCR, WFP, AND MANY OTHERS) INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (IOs) (ICRC, IFRC/C, IOM, AND MANY OTHERS) PVOs AND NGOs [PROGRAM DELIVERY] (CARE, SAVE THE CHILDREN, WORLD VISION, CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES, AND MANY, MANY OTHERS) PVOS AND NGOS [ADVOCACY] (AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, AND MANY OTHERS) DONOR AGENCIES (OFDA, ECHO, AND MANY OTHERS) HOST GOVERNMENTS AND AGENCIES MILITARY FORCES

Kunder/Reali Associates Characteristics of Relief Agencies DIVERSE INDEPENDENT IMPARTIAL AND NEUTRAL GRASSROOTS FOCUSED FLEXIBLE WILLING TO OPERATE IN HIGH-RISK AREAS EMPHASIS ON SUSTAINABILITY DEPENDENT ON FUNDRAISING FOR RESPONSE

Kunder/Reali Associates NGO Culture Contrasted With Military Culture Independent Decentralized Authority “C3A” Cooperation Coordination Consensus Assessment On-The-Job Training Few Field Manuals Long-term Perspective Field Experience Highly Disciplined Hierarchical Command C3I Command Control Communications Intelligence Extensive Branch Training Doctrinal Publications “End-State” Approach Combat Experience

Kunder/Reali Associates Roles of Humanitarian Agencies Traditional: Distribution of food and non-food relief supplies Primary and emergency health care Water and sanitation Shelter and housing Camp management and refugee services Logistics and warehousing Evolving: Land mine awareness and training Reintegration services for former fighters Conflict management and resolution Human rights monitoring Rebuilding "civil society"

Kunder/Reali Associates In-Country Coordination

Kunder/Reali Associates INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS DURING DISASTERS “The Fog of Relief” UN Coord and Agencies UNICEF WFP UNDP NGO UNHCR NGO USG Red Cross ICRC Affected Country Requirements NGO Donor Other Donors NGO Donor NGO

Kunder/Reali Associates Field-Based Humanitarian Coordination  The Embassy "Country Team"  Other USG Agencies (OFDA "DART")  UN Coordination Entities Humanitarian Operations Center (HOC) On-site Operations Coordination Center (OSOCC)  NGO-Only Coordination Bodies  Host Government Ministries/Authorities  U.S. Military Structures Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC)

Kunder/Reali Associates CMOC Services Requested By Humanitarian Agencies Daily Security Briefings -- "The Big Picture" Convoy Support Guidance for Firearms/Local Security "911" Services Joint Assessment!!!!!!!!! Sectoral Planning and Coordination Technical Assistance –Communications/Vehicle Repair/Construction Materials Access to Areas "Behind the Wire" –Ports –Airfields

Kunder/Reali Associates Avoiding the Common Mistakes in Humanitarian Response Intelligence/information exchange Sustainability Proportionality Target populations “Warlord photo ops”

Kunder/Reali Associates What Does The Future Hold? Debates on Impartiality Hard Choices on Intervention Risks to Relief Workers “Mid-Range Peacebuilding” Demobilizing fighters… Relocating displaced populations… New concepts of “safe zones”… Rebuilding the security and justice apparatus…

Kunder/Reali Associates Useful Civilian Disaster Web Sites Centers for Disease Control ECHO (European Community Humanitarian Office) ICRC (Int'l Committee of the Red Cross) IFRC (Int'l Federation of Red Cross/Crescent) Individual NGOs: –International Medical Corps –Doctors without Borders InterAction OFDA (Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance) OCHA (Office/Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization) Relief Web UNICEF UNHCR (High Commissioner for Refugees) World Health Organization

INTERHANDS/SOUTHCOM October 2000 Jim Kunder QUESTIONS? COMMENTS?