Meiosis

I Definition: *The formation of Gametes(sex cells) from GERM CELLS that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just one set. *Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its “parents.”-increases genetic variation Called reduction division as the chromosome # in the resultant gametes is ½ the normal somatic cell # after two mitotic divisions.

A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. In many animals, the germ cells originate near the gut of an embryo and migrate to the developing gonads. There, they undergo cell division of two types, mitosis and meiosis, followed by cellular differentiation into mature gametes, either eggs or sperm. Unlike animals, plants do not have germ cells set aside in early development. Instead, germ cells can come from somatic cells in the adultbiological cellgametesreproduces sexuallygutembryogonadscell divisionmitosismeiosiscellular differentiationeggsspermplantssomatic cells

II Chromosome Number All organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. These sets of chromosomes are homologous. Each of the chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent.

Common Name--Diploid Chromosome #--Do not copy this down FYI Buffalo—60 Fruit fly--8 Cat--38 Cattle-60 Dog--78 Donkey--62 Goat--60 Horse--64 Human--46 Pig--38 Sheep--54

What are the minimum and maximum number of chromosomes? Do not copy down, just FYI The record for minimum number of chromosomes belongs to a subspecies of the ant Myrmecia pilosula, in which females have a single pair of chromosomes. This species reproduces by a process called haplodiploidy, in which fertilized eggs (diploid) become females, while unfertilized eggs (haploid) develop into males. Hence, the males of this group of ants have, in each of their cells, a single chromosome.

The record for maximum number of chromosomes is found in found in the fern family. Polyploidy is a common conduction in plants, but seemingly taken to its limits in the Ophioglossum reticulatum. This fern has roughly 630 pairs of chromosomes or 1260 chromosomes per cell. The fact that these cells can accurately segregate these enormous numbers of chromosomes during mitosis is truly remarkable

Chromosome Number A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes is said to be diploid=2N The number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is sometimes represented by the symbol 2N. Ex. Fruit Fly, the diploid number is 8, which can be written as 2N=8.

Chromosome Number The gametes of sexually reproducing organisms contain only a single set of chromosomes, and therefore only a single set of genes-HAPLOID=N These cells are haploid. Haploid cells are represented by the symbol N. Ex. Fruit FLy, the haploid number is 4, which can be written as N=4.

Phases of Meiosis III Phases of Meiosis Meiosis is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

Meiosis involves two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. By the end of meiosis II, the diploid cell that entered meiosis has become 4 haploid cells. Phases of Meiosis

Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis Interphase I Meiosis I

First division of meiosis Prophase 1: Each chromosome duplicates and remains closely associated. These are called sister chromatids. Crossing-over can occur during the latter part of this stage. Metaphase 1: Homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate. Anaphase 1: Homologous pairs separate with sister chromatids remaining together. Telophase 1: Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter containing only one chromosome of the homologous pair.

Phases of Meiosis Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes. Interphase I

Phases of Meiosis Prophase I Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad. There are 4 chromatids in a tetrad. MEIOSIS I I Prophase I

Phases of Meiosis When homologous chromosomes form tetrads in PROPHASEs I, they exchange portions of their chromatids in a process called crossing over. Crossing-over produces new combinations of alleles. Nondisjunction may also occur, chromosomes fail to separate properly, causing extra or missing crhomosomes within the gametes.

Phases of Meiosis Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes. MEIOSIS I Metaphase I

Phases of Meiosis MEIOSIS I Anaphase I The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.

Phases of Meiosis MEIOSIS I Telophase I and Cytokinesis Nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells. The two cells produced by meiosis I have chromosomes and alleles that are different from each other and from the diploid cell that entered meiosis I.

Phases of Meiosis Meiosis II The two cells produced by meiosis I now enter a second meiotic division. Unlike meiosis I, neither cell goes through chromosome replication. Each of the cell’s chromosomes has 2 chromatids.

Phases of Meiosis Meiosis II Telophase II and Cytokinesis Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase I and Cytokinesis I Meiosis II

Phases of Meiosis Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. MEIOSIS II Prophase II

Phases of Meiosis The chromosomes line up in the center of cell. MEIOSIS II Metaphase II

Phases of Meiosis Centromeres divide and sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. MEIOSIS II Anaphase II

Phases of Meiosis Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. MEIOSIS II Telophase II and Cytokinesis

IV Gamete Formation In male animals, meiosis results in four equal- sized gametes called sperm. Spermatogenesis

In many female animals, only one egg results from meiosis. The other three cells, called polar bodies, are usually not involved in reproduction. Oogenesis

V Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells. Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Cells produced by mitosis have the same number of chromosomes and alleles as the original cell. Mitosis allows an organism to grow and replace cells. Some organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis.

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Meiosis Cells produced by meiosis have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. These cells are genetically different from the diploid cell and from each other. Meiosis is how sexually-reproducing organisms produce gametes.

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis MitosisMeiosis Chromosome number of parent cells Diploid(2N) (Body,somatic) Diploid(2N) (germ) Number of DNA replications ONCE Number of divisions ONETWO Number of daughter cells produced TWOFOUR Chromosome number of daughter cells Diploid (2n)Haploid (n) Purpose Growth and repairProduction of gametes or spores

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