DNA – lots of it in a small space 3. Name what’s in the box.

Fig. 12-UN3 4. Name what is circled 5. Name what is in the box

6. What phase of mitosis is illustrated?

Fig. 13-3b TECHNIQUE Pair of homologous replicated chromosomes Centromere Sister chromatids Metaphase chromosome 5 µm 7. Name the technique. 8. Explain how chromosomes are arranged.

Fig Key Maternal set of chromosomes (n = 3) Paternal set of chromosomes (n = 3) 2n = 6 Centromere Two sister chromatids of one replicated chromosome Two nonsister chromatids in a homologous pair Pair of homologous chromosomes (one from each set) 9. Is this cell diploid or haploid? 10. How do you know?

11. What is this? 12. haploid or diploid? ) 15.?16? 13. What is this? 14. Haploid or diploid? Mitosis and development Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46) 17. Name it 18. Name it

Fig. 13-9b Property DNA replication Number of divisions Occurs during interphase before mitosis begins One, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase homologous chromosomes Does not occur Number of daughter cells and genetic composition Two, each diploid (2n) and genetically identical to the parent cell Role in the animal body Enables multicellular adult to arise from zygote; produces cells for growth, repair, and, in some species, asexual reproduction Occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins Two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase Occurs during prophase I along with crossing over between nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmata hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many chromosomes as the parent cell; genetically different from the parent cell and from each other Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes by half and introduces genetic variability among the gametes 19. Name the process 20. Name the process

Fig Possibility 1 Possibility 2 Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I Metaphase II Daughter cells Combination 1Combination 2Combination 3Combination 4 21.Which 2 of Mendel’s 3 Principles is represented in this diagram?

Fig What phase is shown here? Be Specific. 24. What phase is this? Be specific TEM 23. What is happening here? 25. What phase is this? Be specific.

Fig purple flowers Homologous pair of chromosomes Locus for flower-color gene white flowers

Fig EXPERIMENT P Generation (true-breeding parents) Purple flowers White flowers  F 1 Generation (hybrids) All plants had purple flowers F 2 Generation 705 purple-flowered plants 224 white-flowered plants 28. What kind of cross is this?

29. What does a “pure strain” or true-breeder” mean? Think about Mendel’s pea experiments. Write down a genotype to illustrate. 30. What is a dihybrid cross? Write down parent genotypes to illustrate. 31.Phenotypic ratios for dihybrid?

What kind of dominance is this? 32. ____________occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical. 33. In ________________, the phenotype of F 1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties 34. In ___________, two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig Red P Generation Gametes White CRCRCRCR CWCWCWCW CRCR CWCW F 1 Generation Pink CRCWCRCW CRCR CWCW Gametes 1/21/2 1/21/2 F 2 Generation Sperm Eggs CRCR CRCR CWCW CWCW CRCRCRCR CRCWCRCW CRCWCRCW CWCWCWCW 1/21/2 1/21/2 1/21/2 1/21/2 35. Type of dominance?

Fig. 14-8a 36. What kind of cross is this? P Generation F 1 Generation Predictions Gametes Hypothesis of dependent assortment YYRR yyrr YR yr YyRr  Hypothesis of independent assortment or Predicted offspring of F 2 generation Sperm YR yr Yr YR yR Yr yR yr YR YYRR YyRr YYRr YyRR YYrr Yyrr yyRR yyRr yyrr Phenotypic ratio 3:1 Eggs Phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1 1/21/2 1/21/2 1/21/2 1/21/2 1/41/4 yr 1/41/4 1/41/4 1/41/4 1/41/4 1/41/4 1/41/4 1/41/4 1/41/4 3/43/4 9 / 16 3 / 16 1 / 16

37. Name the disorder.

38. Name the disorder 39. Name the disorder.

Fig b 1st generation (grandparents) 2nd generation (parents, aunts, and uncles) 3rd generation (two sisters) Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak 40. Is a widow’s peak a dominant or recessive trait? Wwww Ww ww Ww wwWW Ww or

Fig c Attached earlobe 1st generation (grandparents) 2nd generation (parents, aunts, and uncles) 3rd generation (two sisters) Free earlobe 41. Is an attached earlobe a dominant or recessive trait? Ff ffFf ff FFor FF Ff

42. The Behavior of Recessive Alleles PKU is a recessive human disorder in which the individual cannot appropriately metabolize or breakdown the amino acid phenylalanine. This amino acid is not produced in the body. Patients must regulate their diet to limit uptake of the amino acid. The parents of PKU babies are ___________who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal (able to process phenylalanine) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

43. Name this disorder.

44. Name the disorder

Sex-linked genes follow specific patterns of inheritance For a recessive sex-linked trait to be expressed –45. A needs female needs ____ copies of the allele –46. A male would need ______________. Sex-linked recessive disorders are much more common in males than in females Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

47. This is a description of what kind of alleles? Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms For example, the four phenotypes of the ABO blood group in humans are determined by three alleles for the enzyme (I) that attaches A or B carbohydrates to red blood cells: I A, I B, and i. The enzyme encoded by the I A allele adds the A carbohydrate, whereas the enzyme encoded by the I B allele adds the B carbohydrate; the enzyme encoded by the i allele adds neither Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig Genotype Red blood cell appearance Phenotype (blood group) A B AB O (b) Blood group genotypes and phenotypes

52..Label the nitrogen bases. A.A. B.B. C. D.

53. Who is this? 54.What can be determined from the x-ray diffraction pattern? (a) (b)

54. Whose experiment? What is the transformational factor??? Is it DNA or Protein??? His research, working with two strains of a bacterium, one pathogenic and one harmless, addresses this vital question In 1941, he was killed at work in his London laboratory as a result of an air raid in the London Blitz.London Blitz

Erwin Chargaff ( ) and “Chargaff’s Rules” 55.Who’s Rules? ________rules state that in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Name the scientists involved with this experiment. 57.What question did they answer and how did they do it (2 sentences)?

A T G C TA TA G C AT GC T A T A GC A T G C TA TA G C A T G C T A T A G C 58. Name the process.

59. Given the following DNA sequence, transcribe it. AAATATGGGCGCTTT

60. Whose theory?

61.Whose Theory?

Natural Selection Summarized: Darwin’s theory suggests that in a species: 62.There is a tendency towards_______________ 63.____________exists 64.Variations are________________ 65.Individuals survive in their environments with_____________________ 66._____________, survive and pass favorable variation on to next generation

67.______________- the genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population

Fig. 16-7a Hydrogen bond 3 end 5 end 3.4 nm 0.34 nm 3 end 5 end 1 nm 68. What concept is best illustrated above?

Enzymes involved in DNA Replication & Transcription EnzymeFunction 69.“molecular zipper” – unwinds double helix; breaks hydrogen bonds that holds base pairs together 70.)“molecular swivel”- relieves overwinding stress on DNA strands by working ahead of helicase and breaking, swiveling and rejoining small sections of the DNA molecule 71.Using a parent DNA strand, adds free-floating nucleotides (A, T, G, & C’s) covalently to the new strand being constructed. ligase“molecular glue” – joins fragments of the New DNA strand together RNA polymerase (used in transcription)Uses one strand of DNA as a template to construct mRNA – adds free-floating nucleotide EditaseFixes mistakes on DNA molecule

72.Name the technique. 73.How do you read it?

74. What is gene flow? 75. What happens if there is none?

Fig Put the experiments in chronological order

77. ________Selection When individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end.

78._______Selection When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle.

79._________ Selection Takes place when individuals near the center of a curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end