Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA
1. phosphate 2. deoxyribose sugar 3. nitrogenous bases WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? -nucleus WHAT THREE THINGS MAKE UP DNA?
- sugar backbone -nitrogenous bases bonded with a hydrogen bond “double helix” DESCRIBE THE SHAPE OF DNA
- Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C) - Thymine (T) WHAT ARE THE 4 NITROGENOUS BASES?
Adenine-Thymine A-T Guanine-Cytosine G-C *PURINES-double ring of carbon & nitrogen Adenine & Guanine *PYRIMIDINES-single ring of carbon & nitrogen Cytosine & Thymine WHICH ONES PAIR TOGETHER?
GATTACA CTAATGT COMPLEMENTARY BASES
WHEN DOES IT OCCUR? “S” phase of interphase WHY DOES IT OCCUR? because the cell divides DNA REPLICATION
1. helicase separates double helix “unzips” it 2. DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides 3. DNA polymerases finish replicating DNA and fall off THREE STEPS OF REPLICATION
An incorrect nitrogenous base is added to a DNA molecule. WHERE IS THE MUTATION? CATGATC GTACAAG WHAT IS A MUTATION?
1.Deletion 2.Insertion 3.Inversion 4.Duplication FOUR TYPES OF MUTATIONS
WHAT IS A GENE? A segment of DNA that is located on a chromosome and that codes for a hereditary character. PROTEINS AND RNA
The gene directs the making of a trait WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PROCESS THAT CREATES Mrna FROM A DNA SEQUENCE? Transcription HOW DO GENES DETERMINE OUR TRAITS?
Translation WHY ARE PROTEINS IMPORTANT TO EVERYDAY LIFE? They do important work in cells, such as protecting the body against infections and carrying oxygen in RBC WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT CREATES A PROTEIN FROM mRNA?
An organic molecule that makes up proteins. The amino acid will determine the shape of the protein and the shape is critical to the proteins function WHAT ARE AMINO ACIDS?
Sugar ribose sugar deoxyribose Contains AUGC Contains ATGC Single stranded double stranded Shorter long BOTH nucleic acids made up a nucleotides RNA VS DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) THREE TYPES OF RNA
mRNA- carries the instructions from a gene from DNA to ribosomes rRNA-make up ribosomes tRNA-transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein. RNA JOBS?
TAKES PLACE IN THE: Nucleus in eukaryotic cells and DNA region of cytoplasm or prokaryotic cells RNA TRANSCRIPTION
1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter(initiates transcription) 2. RNA polymerase adds free RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides on one of the DNA strands. THREE STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION?
3. RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal. Upon reaches this “stop” signal, RNA polymerase releases both the DNA and the newly formed RNA.
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template TERMINATOR SIGNAL- a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene RNA POLYMERASE
DNA- ATCCGATTA RNA- UAGGCUAAU COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING
Making of proteins WHAT IS INVOLVED IN THIS? translation or decoding of genetic instructions to form a polypeptide WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? proteins are critical for living things RNA TRANSLATION
1. (initiation) tRNA and mRNA join together. Enzymes attach a specific amino acid to one end of each tRNA according to the genetic code. 2. (elongation)The polypeptide chain is put together 5 STEPS OF TRANSLATION
3. (elongation) The polypeptide continues to grow 4. (termination) ribosome reaches the stop codon. The newly made polypeptide falls off. 5. (disassembly) The ribosome complex falls apart.
-The three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or start signal AUG-start UAA, UAG- stop CODON
By using the genetic code HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT AMINO ACIDS ARE ADDED TO A PROTEIN CHAIN?