The Decline of the City-State & the rise of the Hellenistic Age The Peloponnesian Wars (431—404 BCE) Alexander the Great (r 336-323 BCE)

The corruption of the Delian League Athens prevented states from withdrawing & punished states who did not pay their dues The Delian leage turned into the Athenian empire because most league allies stopped furnishing triremes and paid Arthens to build the ships – with no navy of their own, these allies could not defend themselves against if they they disagreed with their policy. In 454 BC treasury was moved to Athens, Athens took 1/60th as tribute In 435 BC Athens aided Corcyra in its revolt against Corinth. In 433 BC Athens ordered the city of Potidaea to demolish its walls and send hostages to Athens

Sparta's response to the Delian League Island of Delos in 478 BC Athens allied with city-states whose locations exposed them to possible Persian retaliation. Most of the allies started out with strong navies and all solemnly swore never to desert the coalition. Larger states supplied triremes while smaller ones paid cahs because they found it too demanding ro build. Train and maintain the warships. Athens possessed the shipyards and the men poor enough to volunteer to man the ships. Eventually, the other states all started paying cash to Athens, leaving all of them with no navy of their own to defend themselves. Athens used this weakness against them and slowly, the League turned into an Athenian empire.

The Spartan king Achidimus invaded Attica and destroyed farms and crops In 431 BC, - The Achidamian War 431-421 BC. Sparta, with support of Corinth and Thebes, invaded Athenian territory. Pericles told Athenians to abandon the homes and fields and find safety behind the walls. Some thought this was cowardice. But Pericles planned to attack Sparta by sea using the great navy. The Athenian navy was the best. With money from the Delian League, crews were paid to train longer and harder. They also had the largest fleet of Tri-remes -300- (no examples have survived) The front of a trireme had a bronze ram that turned the ship into a guided missile. Enemy ships were hit head-on, making a hole in the hull and sinking the ship. Each oar weighed about 13 pounds and with 200 men rowing at 10 MPH, the results were impressive. In addition to its striking capability, a trireme carried a hoplite army. The strategy was to sail up to a port, in a lightning strike, destroy as much as possible, then sail away.

. Pericles believed an attack would happen, given the tension with Sparta and its league. The strategy of Pericles: use its power, the sea. Protection of access to the port was essential for Athens’ survival. The Wall: While there already was two wall from Athens to the port of Piraeus. Pericles built a 3rd, reducing the space between them, but fortifying it to make it impenetrable. Today, nothing remains, but it was 8- ½ miles long, 16 feet wide and 30 feet high. It was manned by a Rapid Response Force of mounted troops. This cavalry was a major innovation in Greek warfare. Entrances were protected by archers who used a new bow, which could reach 250-300 yards (introduced from the northern regions of the Black Sea.) In addition, slingshot snipers could fire a lead bullet that could kill a man. Athenians felt secure. The Peloponnesus war has been likened to two big kids on the block, but there was only room for one. The causes for the war: aggressive behavior by Athens. 435 Athens interfered with Corinth after its colony Corcyra asked for help 433 The City of Potidaea was told to tear down its wall, send hostages to Athens Sparta attacked Athens 5 times in ten years (431-421 BC) but failed to breach the walls. However, gradually, Athens began to wear down. What really did them in however, ironically, was the result of their trade, their strength. Returning ships brought typhoid fever for which no cure was known. One-quarter of the population died- the decaying corpses must have created a terrible smell. Pericles died in 429.

The Final Blow to Athens… The Spartan admiral, Lysander captured the Athenian fleet in the Dardanelles …cutting of its food supplies Athens was required to tear down its walls and agreed to be ruled by a government appointed by Sparta

Effects of the Peloponnesian Wars, 431-404 BCE Despite the restoration of democratic government, Athens never returned to its former power… Constant warfare among other states continued… In 371, Sparta lost its first war to Thebes The loss of manpower on both sides weakened all of Greece .

Philip II of Macedon r. 359-336 BCE An ambitious and resourceful ruler of Macedonia who built up his army and planned to conquer the Greeks and the Persians.

A series of fiery speeches by Demosthenes “The Philippics” A series of fiery speeches by Demosthenes In 338 BC, Philip defeated Athens and its allies and created “The League of Corinth” Demosthenes negotiated an alliance with Thebes but the two were defeated by Philip at Chaeronea in 338 BC. Dem gave the funeral speech but it is lost. Antipater, the Macedonian governor of Greece ordered the execution of Demosthenes who took poison.

Alexander the Great, r 336-323 BC Inherited an empire Destruction of Thebes Alexander the Great, r 336-323 BC Alexander the Great was the son of Philip II. His mother was Olympias, Philip’s fourth? wife. She told Alexander he was the son of the Greek god Zeus, and he seemed to think of himself as divine.. He was a pupil of Aristotle , one of the foremost philosophers* of his time. He studied literature and learned to play the lyre* . He was fearless and strong as a young man. Alex succeeded his father- some historians believe he and his mother had something to do with the assassination- Destruction of Thebes- 335, a rumor that he was dead prompted a revolt in Thebes. Alex marched on Thebes, destroying every building except temples and the house of the poet Pindar. Alexander became one of the greatest generals in history. When he conquered the Persians he honored their soldiers and commander who had died in battle. When he had won a battle, he combined the remaining soldiers of the enemy with his army to form a greater army. He usually did not allow his soldiers to mistreat the conquered people. He suffered along with his soldiers when they were at war. If they didn't have water or food, he would not accept food or drink either. When the soldiers were walking, he walked also and refused to ride or be carried. He set an example for his troops. Once he was trying to capture a city which was on an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It was near the land, so he decided to build a bridge to it. His soldiers put down trees, reeds, and rocks and they began to build a peninsula* out to the island. The people of Tyre did everything they could to stop the soldiers, but in seven months Alexander's troops had built a bridge to the island and conquered the city.

Aristotle tutoring Alexander (J. L. Ferris, 1895) As his teacher, Aristotle stimulated the young Alexander’s interest in Greek culture Aristotle tutoring Alexander (J. L. Ferris, 1895)

Alexander III… The Legend: Some say he had a vision to unite the human race in a Pan-Hellenic culture - one empire where people could live in peace, understanding and harmony… He wanted to conquer the known world…just another paranoiac-tyrant. His goal may have been to have a stable empire with no threats to his vast holdings. Use the picture of Alexander on his horse Becauphalus- which he had tames by keeping his shadow behind the horse.

With physical courage, strategic insight and superb leadership, his army conquered Syria, Phoenicia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Egypt and on to the Punjab of northern India. King Darius III had to rely on Greek mercenaries because his native army was weak, ill-trained. The first defeat for Darius was at Issus. Alex swept Persians from Asia Minor and in 332 drove them out of Egypt where he was welcomed as a liberator and recognized him as pharoah. While in Egypt, he founded the city of Alexandria, destined to be one of the greatest cities for the next 300 years. The next season, 331, Alex fought Darius III and defeated him at Gaugamela. Darius escaped the battlefield but was murdered by his own officers in 330 BC. Alex assumed the title of king of Persia and his aim was complete but Alex did not want to stop. During next few years he campaigned to India until in 326, his men homesick and tired, convinced him to turn around.

Alexander in Egypt Welcomed as a liberator from Persian tyranny Hailed as Pharoah and given the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt Egypt had always been the object of awe and source of inspiration to the Greeks Irony: “a barbarian chief of a backwater kingdom in the Balkan mountains had become the ruler of the oldest continuous civilization on earth.” Alexander in Egypt

Alexander’s final campaign… Alexander’s expansionism ended in the mountainous regions of Bactria (present-day Afghanistan) - his army experienced its hardest fighting and never succeeded in getting more than a tenuous hold on the territory. Alexander’s last battle, Hydaspes, 326 BC, on the banks of the Indus River, was an empty victory- his famous horse Bucephalus was killed and his men, thousands of miles and eight years from home, refused to go on.

Alexander died in 323 BC Returning to Babylon, Alexander began to consolidate his empire: > integrated 30,000 Persian youth into his army > married a Persian princess > arranged for 80 of his officers and 10,000 soldiers to marry women from the Empire >punished soldiers who did not respect Persian culture > Adopted Persian dress for himself > Encouraged the ritual of proskynesis At Babylon, in 323 BC, Alex, after a heavy night of drinking, got sick with fever and died, not yet 33 years old.. Some say he was poisoned. It is just as likely that this great general was defeated by a mosquito because others believe he died of malaria* . Alexander died in 323 BC

Alexander’s Legacy… He pushed the world in a new direction- a fusion of disparate people & an intermingling of cultures The Hellenistic Age begins with his death in 323 BCE and ends with the death of Cleopatra in 27BCE.

Map of Alex empire goes here Alexander’s vast empire merged many peoples into a new, cosmopolitan culture known as “Hellenistic Civilization.” Map of Alex empire goes here

The empire was divided among 4 generals Seleucus; Ptolemy; Lysimachus and Cassander

Cosmopolitanism… Hellenistic society is characterized by a mingling of Greek, Egyptian & Persian cultures In the lands he conquered, Alexander introduced Greek language, literature and art; established over 70 cities: Alexandria A world community joined by commerce, trade and travel replaced the Polis as the center of life New philosophies- Stoicism and Epicureanism emerged to help the common man cope with their new status in a world community instead of the local polis.

Zeno (342-270 BC) Stoicism: Urged individuals to live according to reason and be indifferent to pleasure and pain (happiness and sorrow) Avoid desires and disappointments; calmly accept whatever life brings your way… The commonality of Man: all people are morally equal, including women and slaves, because all have the power to reason… Advocated high moral standards including protecting the rights of fellow human beings

Epicurus, (341-270 BC) -Epicureanism: Strive for individual happiness in the big, confusing world by avoiding pain and anxiety… Criticized attempts to gain wealth, power or fame because it increases anxiety… Enjoy the simple pleasures of life- talking with friends, enjoying good food or just “lying on soft grass near a running stream.” Later followers stressed the “pleasure” rather than the simplicity!

Circa 200 BCE The Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt, was the world's first important lighthouse. It guided ships into the city's harbor for about 1,500 years before being toppled by an earthquake.

Hellenistic Science and Math Euclid (about 300 BC): Geometry Archimedes (287-212 BC): Mathematician and Scientist – discovered principles of the lever, the pulley and specific gravity. Aristarchus (310-230 BC): Astronomy-concluded the earth revolved around the sun Architecture: emphasized size and grandeur Sculpture: showed realism and individuality Others include: Eratosthenes Aristarchus

Ptolemy's great work on geography and mapmaking, called the Geography, appeared around the year 150 AD. It influenced philosophers and scientists for 1500 years.

The alter to Zeus at Pergamon, Asia Minor Architecture: emphasized size and grandeur Size and grandeur.. Pergamon was in Asia Minor: The Great Altar of Pergamon, a massive stone podium about one hundred feet long and thirty-five feet high, was originally built in the 2nd century BC in the Ancient Greek city of Pergamon (modern day Bergama in Turkey in north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea. The Great Altar of Pergamon has figured in lists of the Wonders of the World The Altar has a 371 feet long sculptural frieze depicting the gigantomachy or struggle of the gods and the giants. "the frieze is composed of a sequence of isolated, tightly-knit and self-contained groups and figures" each unit assigned to one workshop. Many inscriptions on the lower moulded margin identify the sculptor responsible and his city. Now in Berlin, included a great stairway, flanked by a frieze 400 ft long. The figures typical of Hellenistic sculpture, are carved in relief with an almost extravagant emotionalism that make them seem to burst out of the background The alter to Zeus at Pergamon, Asia Minor

Sculpture: showed realism and emotion The statue of Laocoön and His Sons, also called the Laocoön Group, is a monumental marble sculpture now in the Vatican Museums, Rome. The statue is attributed by the Roman author Pliny the Elder to three sculptors from the island of Rhodes: Agesander, Athenodoros and . It shows the Trojan priest Laocoön and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus being strangled by sea serpents. The story of Laocoön had been the subject of a now lost play by Sophocles, and was mentioned by other Greek writers. Laocoön was killed after attempting to expose the ruse of the Trojan Horse by striking it with a spear. The snakes were sent either by Apollo or Poseidon, and were interpreted by the Trojans as proof that the horse was a sacred object. The most famous account of these events is in Virgil's Aeneid , The statue, which was probably originally commissioned for the home of a wealthy Roman, was unearthed in 1506 near the site of the Golden House of the Emperor Nero (who reigned from 54 to 68 AD), and it is possible that the statue belonged to Nero himself. The statue was also exhibited in the palace of Titus. It was acquired by Pope Julius II, an enthusiastic classicist, soon after its discovery and was placed in the Belvedere Garden at the Vatican, now part of the Vatican Museums.

“Heaven cannot have two suns, nor earth, two masters.”

“I am not afraid of an army of lions led by a sheep, I am afraid of an army of sheep led by a lion.”

“Remember upon the conduct of each depends the fate of all.”

“There is nothing impossible to him who will try.”

“I m indebted to my father for living, but to my teacher for living well.”