Data storage devices Unit objectives Describe hard drives and file systems, and install IDE and SCSI hard drives Describe optical data storage, install and use optical drives and discs Install and use floppy drives and disks, and install, use, and safely remove USB flash drives Maintain and troubleshoot your data storage devices

Topic A Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives Topic C: Removable storage devices Topic D: Storage device troubleshooting

Hard drive components

Hard drive geometry

Head crash Heads contact surface during operation Heads float ½ of a millionth of an inch above surface Don’t drop or jolt your PC during operation Heads parked at shutdown, damage still possible

File systems Logical organization scheme for files FAT and NTFS Sector and cluster sizes How file and folder names are tracked How file and folder locations are tracked How files and folders are stored within clusters FAT and NTFS

FAT file system Developed for DOS Supported through current Windows versions 16 and 32 bit versions 16-bit version featured restricted file names (8 characters, 3 letter extensions, no spaces) Slow and limited compared to NTFS

NTFS file system Developed for Windows NT Supported in Windows 2000 Professional and all Windows XP versions 32-bit file system 255-character names with spaces Supports larger files, larger volumes, and is faster than FAT

FAT vs. NTFS Feature FAT16 FAT32 NTFS File name length 1-8 characters File extensions 0-3 characters 0-255 characters* Max. file size 2 GB 4 GB Limited only by volume size Max. volume size 32 GB 2 TB Max. files per volume Approx. 6,500 Unlimited Most often used with DOS, Windows 3.x and 95 Windows 9x, and Me Windows NT, 2000, and XP Supports file level security No Yes Supports file compression and encryption

Directory trees Root directory Directories contain file and folders Directory = folder FAT16 limited root directory to 512 entries

Root directory of C:

File organization problems Best speed when file is contiguous Files become fragmented (distributed across the disk) Defragging relocates file parts to be contiguous Cluster chain can be broken By viruses or poorly written programs Use chkdsk or other utility to check and fix file problems.

Activity A-1 Choosing a file system

Physical installation Set drive identification jumpers or switches Install the drive into the PC chassis If SCSI and required, terminate drive Connect data and control cables Connect the power cable

ATA drive identification Drive jumpers Cable position

SCSI drive identification Set jumpers switches

Chassis installation Use any available bay for hard drive Also smaller specific hard drive bays Install where data and power cables reach Mount horizontally or vertically Use ESD precautions

Data and power cable connections Most cables are keyed Older cable: Wire 1 red stripe Pin 1 labeled with number or triangle Line up wire 1 with pin 1 Correct connector for master/slave Terminate SCSI bus IDE/SCSI Large peripheral power connector with triangular corners SATA Specialized keyed power connector

Physically installing a hard drive Activity A-2 Physically installing a hard drive

Hard drive preparation Low-level format Partition High-level format

Low-level formatting Records tracks Divides tracks into sectors Old drives required occasionally re-low-level formatting New drives, done at the factory

Partitioning Divides disk into logical drives Logical drives = volumes First sector on bootable volume is the Master Boot Record (MBR)

Unpartitioned disk in Windows

Partition types Master boot record (MBR) Primary and extended Primary: directly accessed by OS Extended: contain one or more logical drives that are accessed by the OS Up to 4 primary and 1 extended per drive Basic and Dynamic Basic: standard type since DOS Dynamic: new type with Windows 2000 Permits changes without restarting the operating system

Partitioning utilities fdisk fdisk /mbr (rewrites the MBR) Windows Disk Manager Third-party

Formatting Creates logical file storage structures Destructive process File allocation table and so forth Destructive process Sometimes you can recover data Use format command or Windows Disk Management

Partitioning and formatting Activity A-3 Partitioning and formatting a hard drive

Topic B Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives Topic C: Removable storage devices Topic D: Storage device troubleshooting

Components of a CD

Recordable CDs Process is called “burning” CD-R can be written once and read many times CD-RW can be written multiple times

CD drive components Laser Spindle Tray

CD drive components Control buttons Headphone jack Volume control dial Manual eject hole

CD drive speeds Expressed as xX 1X spins 210 to 539 RPM x = number of times faster the rate of CD spin 1X spins 210 to 539 RPM 2X twice as fast as 1X xX accurate up to 12X

DVDs 12 cm diameter like CDs Thinner than CDs Uses different encoding method CDs Requires a narrower laser beam DVD-R and DVD-RW Internal or external Internal: IDE, Serial ATA, SCSI External: FireWire or USB 2.0 1X to 16X Need an MPEG-2 decoder

DVD types DVD-5 DVD-9 DVD-10 DVD-14 DVD-18

Optical drive installation Need a horizontal 5.25” drive bay Verify interface and power cables can reach the optical drive Verify audio cable reaches the sound card Set jumpers on IDE drive to Master, Slave, or Cable Select On SCSI drive, set SCSI ID Install drive in bay according to your case specification Verify drive door opens freely If necessary, install drivers

Optical drive connections

Installing an optical drive Activity B-1 Installing an optical drive

“What do you want to do?” options

Using CD and DVD drives Read and write CDs using Windows Media player Other CD read/write apps: RealPlayer Easy CD Creator Sonic RecordNow! Play DVDs using Windows Media Player Must install DVD decoder Download Windows XP Video Decoder Checkup utility from microsoft.com

Activity B-2 Using an optical drive

Topic C Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives Topic C: Removable storage devices Topic D: Storage device troubleshooting

USB flash drives

Flash MP3 player

Installing a USB flash drive Activity C-1 Installing a USB flash drive

Floppy disks

5.25” floppy disk

3.5” floppy disk

Capacities Size Tracks Sectors per track Density Capacity 5.25” 40 9 Double 360 KB 80 15 High 1.2 MB 3.5” 720 KB 18 1.44 MB 36 Extra-high 2.88 MB

Write protection

Examining floppy disks Activity C-2 Examining floppy disks

Floppy controller resources System resource Typical value IRQ 6 I/O address range 0x03F0-0x03F7 DMA channel 2

Floppy drive cable

Floppy controller connector

Installing a floppy drive Activity C-3 Installing a floppy drive

Diskette preparation Format Purchase pre-formatted floppies Records sector structure Creates file allocation table Destructive process Purchase pre-formatted floppies PC or Macintosh formats

Boot floppies Minimal operating system files Bootable boot sector Files and structure vary by operating system Windows 2000 Professional and Windows XP also require CD or hard drive during boot time

Formatting a floppy diskette Activity C-4 Formatting a floppy diskette

Topic D Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives Topic C: Removable storage devices Topic D: Storage device troubleshooting

Hard drive maintenance Checking for disk errors Freeing space Defragging Recovering deleted files Diagnostic utilities

Optical disc and drive cleaning Dirt and scratches cause problems Wipe with soft-lint free cloth from center out Can use water or gentle soap Don’t use cleaners or abrasives Don’t need to clean the laser lens unless highly dusty environment

Maintaining your hard drive Activity D-1 Maintaining your hard drive

Troubleshooting hard disks Cannot access drive at all Cannot boot from the hard drive Space on drive doesn’t match advertised space Files becoming corrupted System will boot from the hard drive when you do a warm restart, but not from a cold boot Drive letter incorrect Cannot use the full space of a very large drive Drive not autodetected during the boot process

Troubleshooting CD drives No audio plays from CD CD drive not found Disc can’t be read Buffer underrun Write process fails several minutes after starting Zip files are corrupted when recorded on a SCSI CD-RW drive Burned CD-RW disc can’t be read on another computer

Troubleshooting DVD drives DVD can’t be played when two displays are being used UDF formatted discs can’t be read Cannot play DVD movie

Troubleshooting data storage devices Activity D-2 Troubleshooting data storage devices

Unit summary Described hard drives and file systems, and installed IDE and SCSI hard drives Described optical data storage, installed and used optical drives and discs Installed and used floppy drives and disks, and installed, used, and safely removed USB flash drives Maintained and resolved problems with data storage devices