C ONCEPTION & P REGNANCY Health Mrs. Wagner

C ONCEPTION Egg released from ovary once every 28 days (approx.) and enters into fallopian tube If meets with sperm = fertilization Surface of egg changes to prevent other sperm from entering Sex and genetic traits are set at fertilization

F EMALE R EPRODUCTION Born with all follicles – unripened eggs – 3 million Will release 400 by menopause Menstrual Cycle Follicle – cell complex that surrounds and nurtures the egg grows in the ovary Lining of the uterus (endometrium) builds up to receive a fertilized egg Mid-cycle – egg is ready – ovary release - ovulation Egg enters fallopian tube One of two things happen: egg is fertilized and continue on to uterus and attaches to the lining – pregnancy begins Or the egg is not fertilized – the uterus sheds its lining and menstruation begins

M ALE R EPRODUCTION Sperm cells in testes Constantly creating Epididymis – holds sperm until mature Semen – fluid from prostate and cowper’s gland Contains 300 million sperm cells 100 million (1/3 ) will die immediately

P REGNANCY Egg + Sperm = pregnancy Implantation occurs – pregnancy test will be accurate – looks for HCG (growth hormone) Usually 2 – 3 days after missed period 50% of fertilized eggs are miscarried 1 in 4 pregnancies are miscarried Average pregnancy = 40 weeks Three stages of development:

1. Z YGOTE Within 36 hours – cell division begins Implantation – 4 – 5 days – travels from FT to uterus – implants in wall – blastocyst – then becomes embryo

2. E MBRYO Placenta develops Umbilical cord – 25 days after fertilization Filter between mother’s bloodstream and baby’s – bloods do not mix – but substances can pass through – alcohol, drugs, etc. Enclosed in amniotic sac – floats in amniotic fluid End of 2 nd month – embryo is 1 ½ inches long, has recognizable features – eyes, ears, hands, feet, Becomes fetus

3. F ETUS 3 rd – 6 months – 11 inches and 1.5 pounds Begins to move and kick Sense organs develop – sensitive to light and noises If born at this stage – low survival rate 6 th – 9 th Months Body proportions equal out Eyelids open and close Body fat accumulates End of 9 th month – average size 20 inches and 7.5 lbs.

T RIMESTERS OF P REGNANCY 1 st Trimester 1 st – 3 rd Months Morning sickness – any time of day – caused by changes in hormone levels Increase in breast size & tenderness, frequent urination, fatigue 2 nd Trimester 4 th – 6 th Months Abdomen swells, feels fetus moving Heartburn – digestive tract pushed up

3 rd Trimester 7 th – 9 th Month Total weight gain 25 – 35 lbs. Movement can be seen Irregular contractions – Braxton Hicks Baby moves into birth position

F ETAL D EVELOPMENT 1 st Trimester2 nd Trimester3 rd Trimester Most dangerous time –drugs/alcohol 16 Weeks – skin turns pink, fingers & toes 28 th Week – Responsive 80% survival rate 2 nd Week – implantation 18 th Week - can find gender 32 nd Week – lungs grow until 37 th Week 3 rd Week – heart begins forming 20 th Week – feel quickening 36 th – 40 th – add fat – gains.5lbs. A week 4 th Week – brain & spinal cord 24 th Week – organs developed – except lungs 5 th Week – eyes & umbilical cord 9 – 16 ounces 6 th Week – Placenta 8 th Week – bones, arm buds 12 th Reflexes

P RENATAL C ARE Healthy baby = good health habits and doctor visits Extra amount of nutrients and calories Viral infections = some birth defects Refrain from alcohol & drug abuse Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling – check for birth defects Ultrasound – checks for physical problems – 20 weeks

I NFERTILITY Cannot have children 60-70% of time – female problem (more complex system) Reasons for women 1. Irregular ovulation - fertility drug cures 2. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID) – scarred or blocked fallopian tubes – In-vitro fertilization - 50 – 60% success ($25,000) 3. Misshapen uterus – surrogate mother

Men 1. Low sperm count – ice packets 2. Motility decreased – die before reach egg