Judicial Branch

The Roberts Court, 2010 Back row (left to right):Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen G. Breyer, Samuel A. Alito, and Elena Kagan. Front row (left to right): Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Anthony Kennedy, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg John Roberts Court 2010

US Supreme Court Constitutional Courts 12 Courts of Appeals 94 district courts Court of Appeals for Federal Circuit Court of International Trade Special Courts Federal Claims Territorial Courts District of Columbia Tax Court Appeals for Armed Service Appeals for Veterans Claims Green – 15 year term Black – Life Terms

Jurisdiction –authority of a court to hear a case Original Jurisdiction – is the first to hear a case Appellate Jurisdiction – may uphold, overrule or modify a decision of a lower court

Marbury V. Madison Established the power of Judicial Review – S.C. - The power of determining if a law is constitutional Gibbons v. Ogden – 1824 – Power of congress to regulate interstate commerce – S.C. – US government is the highest power, the Supremacy Clause

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka – Brown had to walk 10 blocks to school Even though there was a school next door to her home – S.C. – violation of the 14 th amendment (equal protection) Segregation is a denial of equal protection Essentially overturned Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Miranda v. Arizona – 1966 – Miranda signed a confession, under appeal claimed that it was unlawfully obtained – S.C. – must be warned of your rights – Miranda Rights – You have the right to be silent…

Gideon v. Wainwright – Gideon’s rule – right of an attorney when you cannot afford one State bill of rights Tinker v. Des Moines School District – Students maintain their 1 st amendment freedoms – Disruption before the speech can be limited Disrupt class work or interfere with the rights of others

Roe v. Wade – 1973 – Texas women challenged the law preventing her from obtaining artificial termination – S.C. – upheld the women’s right to obtain the termination Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier – 1988 – Inappropriate school newspaper – S.C. - Speech does not trump the educational needs of students

New Jersey v. T.L.O – 1985 – Student accused of smoking in the restroom – Student - Evidence collected illegally – S.C. – reasonable suspension for school searches “Ease of restrictions to which searches by public authorities are ordinarily subject”

Lockers As a service to our students, schools provide locker facilities to be used for the convenience of students and for the security of students’ personal property. The school retains sole ownership, control, and authority over the locker facilities. The school has the legal right to examine lockers and their contents, without notification, at any time. The use of a locker space is a privilege granted by the school. All students are expected to know and comply with all conditions and rules regarding locker use. Students are to use the lockers assigned to them and are not to share lockers with another student. A $10 fee will be charged for reassigning and/or changing locker combinations. Students are expected to keep their lockers clean, neatly arranged, free from stickers and decals, and LOCKED. Since each locker has its own combination lock, no padlocks are to be placed on them without administrative approval. Students are not to leave valuables in their locker at any time. The school cannot accept responsibility for any lost or stolen articles.