Rise of the Romans

Geography of Rome 800 B.C.: small settlement called Rome built along Tiber River Rome lies near the center of the Italian Peninsula Region was called Latium, and people living there were called Latins Language they spoke was called Latin.

Geography of Rome City’s hills provided natural defense from enemies Tiber River provided nearby port and transportation Rome was located on key trade routes Trade routes crossed the Tiber river Extends into Mediterranean Sea Mountains: Alps and Apennines Plenty of farming land and rivers to travel

Romulus and Remus

The Founding of Rome Legends and Facts (P. 311) 1) According to legend, who founded the city of Rome? 2) Who were the mother and father of Rome’s founders? 3) In two paragraphs, summarize the story of Rome’s creation. 4) Why do you think that historians do not believe this legend? 5) What is it that archaeologists have discovered about Rome?

People of Italy Who influenced the Romans? GreeksEtruscans Many Greeks had settled in the Italian Peninsula Greek Mythology influenced Roman mythology – Ex. Zeus became Jupiter Romans also adopted Greek legends and heroes Most powerful people in central Italy when Rome was founded Lived north of Latium Skilled artists and builders Sailed around Mediterranean Learned from Greeks and Phoenicians

Roman Society (P.322) 1) Define: patriarchal society 2) What could be some of the disadvantages of having a patriarchal society? 3) Define: paterfamilias 4) What kind of power did paterfamilias have?

Roman Society – Women (P.322) Women in RomeWomen in Greece

Life in Rome Rich and Poor (P.323) Wealthy RomansPoor Romans

Life in Rome Slaves (P. 324) What was life like for slaves in Rome? Provide detailed answers. What was a famous example of slaves fighting back?

A Look at the Roman Government Early Roman Republic

PatriciansPlebeians Wealthy Landowners Have a say in government Held military and religious positions Lower Class (workers) 95% of people No say in government Served in the army

Forms of Government in the World Monarchyrule by one person (king or queen) Democracyrule by the people Oligarchyrule by an elite few (aristocracy) Dictatorship one person absolute rule What are the pros and cons of each of these forms of government?

Roman Government Before the Republic Rome began as an independent city-state led by monarchs Kings (monarchs) ruled with much power Leader of army Main Priest Supreme Judge Monarchs built first buildings in the Forum Kings ruled with consent from wealthy aristocrats. Senate (“Old Man”): Older, wealthy men who advised the king in important matters. Opinion: Why do you think that Roman kings needed the approval from wealthy Roman aristocrats?

Tarquin the Proud The Last of the Roman Kings Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 7 th and final king of Rome Etruscan Origin Mistreatment of his people led to rebellion by Brutus and aristocrats. After him, Rome became a republic Citizens have the right to vote and elect officials Do you think that people in the United States would allow for a king to rule them? Why or why not?

The Roman Republic Romans chose a complex government, which included: Roman Constitution System of laws by which a government is organized Rule of law Law Applied to everyone written laws to protect themselves and their liberty 12 Tables Mixed government combined strengths of all forms of governments

Roman Republic Also Included Three branches Assemblies, Senate, and Magistrate Separation of powers no one group has all the power Each branch had different responsibilities and powers One branch could stop (check) another branch from misusing power Limited Power for Officials in Government Two consuls instead of a top leader Each consul could cancel the action of the other (veto power) Government officials were chosen for one year Why was a veto power necessary for Roman consuls?

The Roman Republic The System of Checks and Balances MonarchicalAristocraticDemocratic Magistrates 2 Consuls + (elected officials) SenateAssemblies Directed government and army Acted as judges Acted as chief priest Controlled state budget Could pass laws Advised Consuls Powerful Part of Government Approved/rejected laws Decided on War Could veto actions of magistrate Open to Plebeians Basis of power: need for leadership Basis of power: members were richest men in Rome. Basis of power: provided most of the soldiers Limits on power: one year term each could veto Limits on power: could not control army Limits on power: Could not suggest laws

Assemblies Democratic part of government All adult males could participate Elected officials and passed laws Had power because it was composed by most Roman citizens, who were the soldiers at the time.

men 2. C hosen for life 3. A dvise Consul 4. D eal with other countries 5. P roposes laws 6. A pprove public works 7. D eal with daily government problems Senate “old men”

The Magistrate The Race of Honors: How to Become a Consul

Lower Offices of Magistrates QuaestorAedile Elected by popular vote (patricians and plebeians) Financial officer Kept track of the state’s money If a quaestor did well, he could seek election as an aedile Duties: Public buildings Public Games

Offices of the Magistrate Tribune of the Plebs Praetors Defend lives & property of plebeians Gathered plebeians to Assembly Could veto laws 10 elected annually 8 elected annually Judicial duties Gathered Senate Supervise defense of Rome Govern province after term

1. T op government officials 2. T wo chosen every year 3. H eaded the army and ran the government 4. S erved for a short term, avoiding risk of abusing power 5. Veto Power The right of the consul to reject the other’s decision. Latin for “I forbid” Consuls

Occasional Magistrates Dictator Named by the Senate in times of emergency Served only for 6 months but had complete power Why do you think that during times of emergency (ex. War) Romans would want to give power to only one man?

Senate Assembly Consuls Dictator. How the Republic Works Division of Power 1 person 2 men 300 members Rest of population population

Growth and Crisis in the Roman Republic

Struggle with Carthage Punic Wars Conflict between Rome and Carthage for control over the Mediterranean Sea Carthage was a city in North Africa Carthage’s most successful general was Hannibal. He defeated Rome in several occasions, but was finally defeated by Rome. Rome attacked Carthage and other Greek city-states. Rome defeated Carthage & obtained control over North Africa Governors were sent to control new territories

Crisis in the Republic Corruption in the Government Wealthy officials broke rules Magistrates stole from people Used violence to win elections and were disliked by poor people The republic was not working in favor of the people

Crisis in the Republic Economic Struggle Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman Republic grows. Farmers lost their homes and moved to an overcrowded city. Politicians gave grain to the people, but the people wanted land and jobs. Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gaius tried to help the poor, but were murdered.

Crisis in the Republic The Power of the Army Military became less disciplined and disloyal. Only citizens who could afford it worked in the army. Consul Gaius Marius provided equipment and paid poor people to join army Soldiers recruited from the poor; showed loyalty to their generals.

From Republic to Empire Civil War in Rome War between two groups in the same nation Army Commanders vs. the rest of Government Julius Ceasar marched his army into Rome and defeated his rivals (Senate and Pompey) Julius Ceasar took control of Rome and declared himself dictator for life Helped the poor and the army, which angered the upper classes It was the end of the Republic. Senators wanted to keep Republic the way it was. Group of Senators killed Caesar on a day called Ides of March, or March 15, 44 B.C.

The Republic Collapses Beginning of the Empire Caesar’s supporters take control Caesar made Octavian his heir. Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated by Octavian Octavian accepts title of Augustus, “greatly honored one,” and rules Rome. He becomes first emperor of Rome.

Augustus Rome’s 1st emperor Held total power over the empire Augustus, Rome’s ablest ruler, creates lasting system of government Increased soldier’s pay. Improved life for ordinary people Fought corruption in government Deified after death: declared a god and worshipped

Pax Romana (Roman Peace) Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an empire. Power no longer resides with citizens, but in a single ruler. Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana Around 65 million people are able to enjoy a time without major wars.

Rome's Achievements Roman Roads Paved roads connected the cities and forts of the Roman Empire Soldiers could march from city to city defend them Government was made more efficient and communication was faster. Architecture and Aqueducts Concrete was used to build structures because it was lighter and easier to use Pantheon is an example of these structures Built aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities Public Baths Sewers carried waste away from cities.

Roman Economy Romans built a navy and took down pirates in Mediterranean Sea Trade was cheaper by sea Farming was the base of the Roman economy Grain was shipped to Rome to feed its enormous population In exchange for grain, farmers in provinces received money

Popular Entertainment Entertainment on massive scale Gladiators Men who fought each other for public entertainment Fights were held in arenas such as the Colosseum Gladiators were usually slave or criminals Some won their freedom and became celebrities Chariot Races At the Circus Maximus Race course for more than 250,000 people Horses pulled charioteers

The Arts Mosaics were a design formed with small tiles of glass, stone or pottery Public building had colorful painted murals Statues of gods, heroes and important people

The Influence of Latin Latin was the spoken language of the empire Romance languages are the ones developed from Latin Spanish, Italian, French Latin is still used today by the Catholic Church

Literature Oratory The art of giving speeches Most famous was Cicero Taught to politicians Poetry Virgil, Horace, Ovid Satire Works of literature that made fun of subjects Juvenal mocked Roman life.

Pompeii A.D. 79 City of Pompeii was destroyed by volcano Vesuvius Ash preserved many of the buildings