Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Part II Project Planning

6-2 Project Management

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 6 Project Activity and Risk Planning

6-4 Initial Project Coordination and the Project Charter Early meetings are used to decide on participating in the project Used to “flesh out” the nature of the project Outcomes include: – Technical scope – Areas of responsibility – Delivery dates or budgets – Risk management group

6-5 Outside Clients When it is for outside clients, specifications cannot be changed without the client’s permission Client may place budget constraints on the project May be competing against other firms

6-6 Project Charter Elements Purpose Objectives Overview Schedules Resources Personnel Risk management plans Evaluation methods

Knowledge Areas Project Management Process Groups InitiatingPlanningExecutingMonitoring & Controlling Closing Integration Develop Project Charter Develop Project Management Plan Direct & Manage Project Execution Monitor & Control Project Work Perform Integrated Change Control Close Project or Phase Scope Collect Requirements Define Scope Create WBS Verify Scope Control Scope Time Define Activities Sequence Activities Estimate Activity Resources Estimate Activity Durations Develop Schedule Control Schedule Cost Estimate Cost Determine Budget Control Costs Quality Plan QualityPerform Quality Assurance Perform Quality Control HR Develop HR PlanAcquire Project Team Develop Project Team Manage Project Team Communication s Identify Stakeholders Plan CommunicationsDistribute Information Manage Stakeholder Expectations Report Performance Risk Plan Risk Management Identify Risks Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis Plan Risk Responses Monitor & Control Risks Procurement Plan ProcurementsConduct Procurements Administer Procurements Close Procurements

Develop Project Charter Develop Project Management Plan Direct & Manage Project Execution Monitor & Control Project Work Perform Integrated Change Control Close Project or Phase Integration Processes

What goes into your Project Charter? Project Charter

What goes into your Project Charter? – Title – Description – Who is the Project Manager? What is their authority? – What is the business need? – What is the justification? – What are the assigned resources? – Who are the stakeholders? – What are the known stakeholder requirements? – What are the deliverables? – What are the constraints? – What are the assumptions? Project Charter

Where does all this information come from? Primarily, the sponsor. Who is the sponsor? What is their role? Project Charter

InputsTools & TechniquesOutputs Project Statement of Work Expert JudgmentProject Charter Business Case Contract Enterprise Environmental Factors Organizational Process Assets Project Charter

Project Statement of Work – Created by the customer or sponsor – Gives the description of the project scope – Links the project to the strategic plan – Think of it as a high level “contract” between the sponsor and the Project Manager Project Charter

Business Case – What are some examples of a business case? Project Charter

Business Case – Market demand – Organizational need – Customer request – Technological advance – Legal requirement – Ecological impact – Social need Project Charter

Contract – Many projects begin because a contract has been signed – The contract will give us many details of what we need to know – If this is the case, then include a copy of the contract with the Project Charter Project Charter

Enterprise Environmental Factors – “Company culture and existing systems that the project will have to deal with or can make use of.” – Could be positive or negative Company organization Stakeholder tolerances Relevant standards – Think of as “the baggage” Project Charter

Enterprise Environmental Factors – Examples: Company culture Government or industry standards – Regulations, quality standards, etc Existing HR skills Personnel administration – Hiring & firing guidelines – Past performance reviews of employees – Union contacts PM Info Systems – Company ordering and scheduling tools, etc Project Charter

Organizational Process Assets – Processes, procedures, policies, corporate knowledge bases and historical information Lessons learned Historical records Templates – Learning the organization has done in the past to help the projects of today – Best practices Project Charter

6-20 Starting the Project Plan: The WBS What is to be done When it is to be started and finished Who is going to do it

6-21 Starting the Project Plan: The WBS Continued Some activities must be done sequentially Some activities may be done simultaneously Many things must happen when and how they are supposed to happen Each detail is uncertain and subjected to risk

6-22 Hierarchical Planning Major tasks are listed Each major task is broken down into detail This continues until all the activities to be completed are listed Need to know which activities “depend on” other activities

6-23 A Form to Assist Hierarchical Planning Figure 6-2

6-24 Career Day Figure 6-4

6-25 The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) A hierarchical planning process Breaks tasks down into successively finer levels of detail Continues until all meaningful tasks or work packages have been identified These make tracking the work easier Need separate budget/schedule for each task or work package

6-26 A Visual WBS Figure 6-3

6-27 Steps to Create a WBS 1. List the task breakdown in successive levels 2. Identify data for each work package 3. Review work package information 4. Cost the work packages 5. Schedule the work packages 6. Continually examine actual resource use 7. Continually examine schedule

6-28 Human Resources Useful to create a table that shows staff needed to execute WBS tasks One approach is an organizational breakdown structure – Organizational units responsible for each WBS element – Who must approve changes of scope – Who must be notified of progress WBS and OBS may not be identical

6-29 The Responsibility (RACI) Matrix Another approach is the Responsible, Accountable, Consult, Inform (RACI) matrix – Also known as a responsibility matrix, a linear responsibility chart, an assignment matrix, a responsibility assignment matrix Shows critical interfaces Keeps track of who must approve what and who must be notified

6-30 Sample RACI Matrix Figure 6-7

6-31 Agile Project Planning and Management When scope cannot be determined in advance, traditional planning does not work Agile project management was developed to deal with this problem in IT Small teams are located at a single site Entire team collaborates Team deals with one requirement at-a-time with the scope frozen

6-32 Interface Coordination Through Integration Management Managing a project requires a great deal of coordination Projects typically draw from many parts of the organization as well as outsiders All of these must be coordinated The RACI matrix helps the project manager accomplish this

6-33 Managing Projects by Phases and Phase-Gates Break objectives into shorter term sub- objectives Project life cycle is used for breaking a project up into component phases Focus on specific, short-term output Lots of feedback between disciplines

6-34 Risk Management Projects are risky, uncertainty is high Project manager must manage this risk This is called “risk management” Risk varies widely between projects Risk also varies widely between organizations Risk management should be built on the results of prior projects

6-35 Parts to Risk Management Risk management planning Risk identification Qualitative risk analysis Quantitative risk analysis Risk response planning Risk monitoring and control The risk management register

6-36 Risk Management Planning Need to know the risk involved before selecting a project Risk management plan must be carried out before the project can be formally selected At first, focus is on externalities – Track and estimate project survival Project risks take shape during planning Often handled by project office

6-37 Risk Identification Risk is dependent on technology and environmental factors Delphi method is useful for identifying project risks Other methods include brainstorming, nominal group techniques, checklists, and attribute listing May also use cause-effect diagrams, flow charts, influence charts, SWOT analysis

6-38 Qualitative Risk Analysis Purpose is to prioritize risks A sense of the impact is also needed Each objective should be scaled and weighted Construct a risk matrix Same approach can be used for opportunities

6-39 Risk Matrix Figure 6-12

6-40 Quantitative Risk Analysis 1. List ways a project can fail 2. Evaluate severity 3. Estimate likelihood 4. Estimate the inability to detect 5. Find the risk priority number (RPN) (RPN = S  L  D) 6. Consider ways to reduce the S, L, and D for each cause of failure

6-41 A FMEA Example Table 6-1

6-42 Decision Tree Analysis Figure 6-13

6-43 Risk Response Planning Threats – Avoid – Transfer – Mitigate – Accept Opportunities – Exploit – Share – Enhance – Accept

6-44 Risk Monitoring and Control Monitoring covered in detail in Chapter 10 Control covered in Chapter 11

6-45 The Risk Management Register Environments that may impact projects Assumptions made Risks identified List of categories and key words Estimates on risk, states of project’s environment, or on project assumptions Minutes Actual outcomes