Integrated Science Unit 1, Chapter 3

Unit One: Forces and Motion Chapter 3 Forces and Motion 3.1 Force, Mass and Acceleration 3.2 Weight, Gravity and Friction 3.3 Equilibrium, Action and Reaction

Chapter 3 Learning Goals Explain the meaning of force. Show how force is required to change the motion of an object. Use a graph to identify the relationships between variables. Explain and discuss Newton's second law and the relationship between force, mass and acceleration. Describe how changing the mass of the ca affects its acceleration. Draw conclusions from experimental data. Demonstrate qualitatively how friction can affect motion. Explain Newton's third law of motion. Identify action-reaction pairs of forces. Recognize how Newton's third law of motion explains the physics behind many common activities and useful objects.

Chapter 3 Vocabulary Terms air friction equilibrium force friction gravity inertia law of conservation of momentum mass momentum newton Newton's 1st law of motion Newton's 2nd law of motion Newton's 3rd law of motion pounds rolling friction sliding friction viscous friction weight

3.1 Force, Mass and Acceleration Unless you apply force, things tend to keep on doing what they were doing in the first place. Force causes an object to accelerate, while the object’s mass resists acceleration. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

3.1 Newton's Second Law a = F m force (newtons, N) acceleration (m/sec2) mass (kg)

3.1 Force, Mass, and Acceleration Key Question: What is the relationship between force, mass and acceleration? *Read text section 3.1 BEFORE Investigation 3.1

3.2 Gravity What is gravity? Gravity is a force. Gravity depends on mass. Gravity accelerates objects.

3.2 Gravity If you were on Mars, your force/mass balance would have to be adjusted. The planet is smaller than Earth and therefore Mars’s gravity is weaker.

3.2 Weight gravity (9.8 m/sec2) Fw = mg Weight force (N) mass (kg)

3.2 Weight and Galileo A legend has it that, around 1587, Galileo dropped two balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to see which would fall faster.

3.2 Gravity The attractive force from gravity between objects of ordinary mass is incredibly small.

3.2 Gravity You feel weight because the mass of Earth is large enough to create significant gravity forces.

3.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation The force of attraction between two objects is directly related to the masses of the objects and inversely related to the square of the distance between them.

3.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation gravity (9.8 m/sec2) mass 1 (kg) mass 2 (kg) Force (N) F = G m1m2 R2 distance (m) between m1 and m2

3.2 Weight, Gravity and Friction Key Question: How does increasing the mass of the car affect its acceleration? *Read text section 3.2 BEFORE Investigation 3.2

3.2 Friction Friction is a force that always opposes motion. What is left is often called the net force. What is the net force acting on the car?

3.3 Equilibrium, Action and Reaction Key Question: What is Newton's third law of motion? *Read text section 3.3 AFTER Investigation 3.3

3.3 Equilibrium, Action and Reaction Momentum explains why the speed and the direction of motion are related to the mass of the object

3.3 Momentum velocity (m/sec) Momentum (kg-m/sec) P = mv mass (kg)