Neurologic examination of the child

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Presentation transcript:

Neurologic examination of the child Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI

Aims From a symptom Localization DD Evaluation Diagnosis

Main parts General appearance Dysmorphic features Neurocutaneous features

Main parts Consciousness Head Cranial nerves Motor system Cerebellar examination Sensory Developmental assessment Behavior

Observation Start while interviewing Curiosity, playing. Language, dysarthria. Facial expression, tics, movements Behavior, attention, relation with parents

Observation Dysmorphic features

Observation Weight, length – FTT, IUGR, Obesity Clues to hormonal abnormalities Abnormalities of midline – clues to spinal dysraphism

Skin Skin and nervous system originate from ectoderm Neurocutaneous syndromes Hemangiomata Café au lait spots Hypopigmented patches

General PE Cardiac: murmurs, bradycardia Organomegaly – Lysosomal, peroxisomal

Head and skull General appearance, Symmetry, dysmorphism Sutures – ridging, craniosynostosis Fontanelles Hydrocephalus – Fontanelle,Frontal bossing, veins, Sunset eyes Head circumference- micro, macro, curve Head murmurs - AVM

Sutures and fontanelles

Meningeal signs

Cranial nerves Cranial nerve I Cranial nerve II visual acuity     visual field     colour vision     optic disc appearance

Normal fundus

Papilledema

Cranial nerves Cranial nerve III, IV, VI Cranial nerve V eye movement     ptosis (III nerve), and pupil reaction to light (II & III nerve) Cranial nerve V     jaw power     sensation of face     corneal and jaw reflexes

Lateral rectus palsy Can be caused by increased ICP.

CRANIAL NERVES VII - FACIAL VIII - VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR OBSERVE FOR FACIAL ASYMMETRY FOREHEAD WRINKLING, EYELID CLOSURE, WHISTLE/PUCKER VIII - VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR ACUITY

Facial nerve palsy The patient can not move the forehead upward,close the eye forcefully,or elevate the corner of the mouth. Taste sensation is lost over the anterior two thirds of the tongue.

Facial nerve palsy

Cranial nerves Cranial nerve IX Cranial nerve X Cranial nerve XI     gag reflex Cranial nerve X     soft palate elevation and deviation Cranial nerve XI     shoulder elevation (trapezius and sternomastoid) Cranial nerve XII      tongue function; wasting / fasciculation

Spinal accessory nerve. Provides innervation for the trapezius and SCM muscles. Comprises some fibers from C1 and C2, lesions in the area of the foramen magnum most commonly cause difficulties of cranial nerve XI.

Gross motor function Most children above 4 ys usually cooperate Walk, jump, tiptoe, heelwalk, tandem walk Romberg Cerebellar

Motor examination Muscle bulk Muscle strength Muscle tone Posture Walking Deep tendon reflexes Primitive reflexes Abnormal reflexes

Muscle power 0 no contraction 1 flicker or trace of contraction 2 active movement,with gravity eliminated 3 active movement against gravity 4 active movement against gravity and resistance 5 normal power

STRENGTH EXAM UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES DISTAL AND PROXIMAL MUSCLES SUBTLE WEAKNESS TOE WALK, HEEL WALK OUT OF CHAIR Special attention to functional assymetry

Muscle Tone Do not confuse tone and strength Tone = resistance to passive movement Shoulder girdle hypotonia – baby falls when you put your hands under his armpits Normal tone changes with age – eg premies

Spasticity נגרם ע"י פגיעה ב- Upper motor neuron התנגדות ראשונית עם שחרור פתאומי – "סכין קופצת" – clasp knife בולט בפלקסורים של גפיים עליונות ואקסטנסורים של תחתונות בד"כ עם רפלקסים↑, בבינסקי+, תנועות מועטות, אטרופיה מאוחרת לעומת LMN עקב חסר שימוש (disuse atrophy) Clonus – בגפיים תחתונות. בתינוקות 5-10 תנועות הינן תקינות אם בגפיים תחתונות – "זחילת קומנדו" אופיסטוטונוס

Babinski reflex גירוי החלק הלטרלי של כף הרגל "חיובי" אקסטנצית הבוהן fanning של שאר האצבעות מצביע על נזק פירמידלי – למערכת המוטורית "חיובי" באופן נורמלי בתינוקות עד גיל 10-12 ח'

טונוס לא תקין - Hypotonia טונוס ירוד השכיח ביותר בפגים ויילודים עלולה להצביע על נזק בצרברום, צרבלום, ע"ש, עצבים פריפריים או שריר Floppy infant – אינו מרים ראש, רפוי, אינו מיישר גב בישיבה Frog position – על הגב טונוס נהיה פלקסורי עם הגיל 28wk – רפוי, 32wk - יש כבר פלקציה. Term – כולו פלקסורי

רפלקסים גידיים בגפיים עליונות Biceps C5-C6 Brachioradialis C5-C6 Triceps C7-C8

רפלקסים גידיים ופלנטריים Patellar 4-5L Achilles 1-2S תמיד להשוות לצד השני !

החזרים התפתחותיים רפלקס מתי מתחיל? רפלקס מלא ממשיך עד... Palmar grasp 28 wk 32 wk 2-3 mo Rooting 36 wk יורד אחרי חודש Moro 28-32 wk 37 wk 5-6 mo Tonic neck 35 wk 1 mo 6 mo Parachute 7-8 mo 10-11 mo לכל החיים

Moro reflex

Tonic neck reflex

נזק UMN מול LMN LMN UMN DTR ↓ ↑ כוח שרירים טונוס שרירים מצב הכרה תקין פסציקולציות + - אטרופית שרירים

Cerebellar functions הפרעה בקואורדינצית התנועה או הפרעה בשיווי המשקל Trunca ataxial בעיקר בגו, בזמן ישיבה או עמידה נובע מפגיעה ב cerebellar vermis Limb ataxia הפרעה בתנועת גפיים – intention tremor פגיעה ב cerebellar hemispheres בדיקה ע"י אצבע-אף, tandem walking

Cerebellar functions

Cerebellar dysfunction. Ataxia . Hypotonia. Action tremor (intention). Dysdiadochokinesis. Dysmetria Dysarthria

בדיקת המערכת הסנסורית מגע - מברשת כאב – ע"י סיכה (לא חדה!) חום וקור וויברציה – ע"י קולן תנוחה – proprioception - דורש שיתוף פעולה

דרמטומים עצב סנסורי לכל איזור על פני הגוף חלוקה על פי גובה הכניסה בעמוד השדרה הפנים – עצב קרניאלי V (טריגמינלי)

Cerebellar signs intention tremor past-pointing (dysmetria, limb ataxia)- pointing beyond the finger in the finger-nose test dysdiadochokinesis - this feature is shown when the patient is slow and uneven in attempting fast hand movements, e.g. tapping the right hand fast on the back of the left hand nystagmus - coarse and slow; worst on looking to the side of the lesion Ataxia rhombergism hypotonia and pendular reflexes