How Did We Make This Chart? Extant Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria 0.5 Land! Plants 1 Multicellular cyanobacterial endosymbiosis 2 First Eukaryotes Extinct 3 Cyanobacterial Oxygen Long Time with Prokaryotes only 4 BYBP Origin of Life Original Cell

The Plant Kingdom Clade unique flagellum, phycoplast Chlorophyta—green algae Hepaticophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Lycophyta—club mosses Sphenophyta—horsetails Pterophyta—ferns Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Coniferophyta—conifers Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc. Anthophyta—flowering plants open spindle, phragmoplast -eyespot oogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmata embryo, cuticle, apical growth protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores stomata true vascular, branching heterospory true root, true leaf monopodial branching heterospory heterospory pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds -flagella vessels reduced gametophyte flowers, fruits

How do we know the Evolution Pathway? Phylogenetic Systematics Inferences from comparison of extant organisms Characters-Attributes of the organism Anatomy Morphology Development Physiology Macromolecule Sequences Polarizing Character States Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup

  OG A B C D E Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B 1. Petals 2. Petals 3. Petals 4. Petals 5. Sepals

  OG A B C D E Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

  ABCDE 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

  BCDE 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

  CDE 1 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

OG A  B  C D E CDE Problem: Sepals would be naturally next, but this will not resolve easily! 1 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

OG A  B  C D E DE *5 Solution 1: Could evolve sepals twice on lines to B and C… a homoplasy! *5 1 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

OG A  B  C D E DE Solution 2: Could evolve sepals once before B and reverse it after C… a more biological parsimonious homoplasy! 5R* 1 5* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

  3 5R* 1 5* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B  C D E 3 5R* Problem: Taxa are not arranged by complexity 1 5* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 autapomorphy 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

  3 5R* 1 5* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B  C E D 3 5R* Problem: It is more parsimonious if homoplasy is for a simple character. 1 5* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 autapomorphy 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

  3 1R* 5 1* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A D  C  B 3 1R* 5 Solution: Look to make homoplasy in pigmentation or a growth character. 1* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E Total 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5 3. Petals Pointed 1 1 autapomorphy 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4 5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

OG A E D C B 1 GrayR* 5 Sepals Present 1 Gray Petals* 4 Long Petals 3 Pointed Petals 1 GrayR* 5 Sepals Present 1 Gray Petals* 4 Long Petals This cladogram has six steps and one reversal homoplasy in a simple character 2 Six Petals

  1* 2* 3 4* 5* Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B  C D E 1* 2* 3 4* 5* Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: This cladogram has fifteen steps and ten homoplasies! Special creation is not parsimonious. OG A B C D E 1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 3. Petals Pointed 1 4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 5. Sepals Present 1 1