CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 1-1

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-3 What is Zoology: What is Zoology:  The scientific study of animal life Scientists explore the animal world by actively applying important guiding principles to our investigations Scientists explore the animal world by actively applying important guiding principles to our investigations These guiding principles of modern zoology come from: These guiding principles of modern zoology come from: Laws of physics and chemistry Laws of physics and chemistry Scientific method Scientific method Principles of Zoology

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4 Because life shares a common evolutionary origin, principles learned from the study of one group often provide insight to other groups as well Because life shares a common evolutionary origin, principles learned from the study of one group often provide insight to other groups as well Principles of Zoology

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-5 Fundamental Properties of Life Does Life Have Defining Properties? Does Life Have Defining Properties?  What is life? 1. No simple definition 2. The history of life shows extensive and ongoing change called evolution 3. Answer must be based on the common history of life on earth

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-6 Fundamental Properties of Life What are the General Characteristics of Life? What are the General Characteristics of Life? 1. Chemical uniqueness 2. Complex organization 3. Reproduction 4. Growth and development 5. Heredity 6. Metabolism 7. Environmental interactions 8. Movement

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-7 General Properties of Living Systems 1. Chemical Uniqueness:  Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization  For example, Small molecules are assembled into macromolecules: 1. Nucleic Acids 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-8 General Properties of Living Systems 2. Complexity and Hierarchical Organization:  Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization  For example, in living systems there exists a hierarchy of levels that includes: MacromoleculesCellsOrganismsPopulationsSpecies

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-9 General Properties of Living Systems Emergence: A appearance of new characteristics at a given level of organization Emergence: A appearance of new characteristics at a given level of organization  These characteristics are called emergent properties  Different levels of the biological hierarchy and their particular emergent properties are built by evolution

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display General Properties of Living Systems 3. Reproduction:  Living systems can reproduce themselves  At each level of the biological hierarchy living forms reproduce to generate others like themselves: Genes replicate to produce new genes Genes replicate to produce new genes Cells divide producing new cells. Cells divide producing new cells. DNA Replication Cell Division

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display General Properties of Living Systems 3. Reproduction: Organisms reproduce, sexually or asexually, to produce new organisms Organisms reproduce, sexually or asexually, to produce new organisms Populations fragment to produce new populations Populations fragment to produce new populations Species split to produce new species Species split to produce new species Organism Reproduction

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display General Properties of Living Systems 4. Heredity:  The passing of genetic information Nucleic Acids: Encode structures of the protein molecules needed for organismal development and functioning Nucleic Acids: Encode structures of the protein molecules needed for organismal development and functioning DNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information DNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information Genetic Code: correspondence between base sequences in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in a protein Genetic Code: correspondence between base sequences in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display General Properties of Living Systems 5. Metabolism:  Living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments  Metabolic processes include: Digestion Digestion Energy production (Respiration) Energy production (Respiration) Synthesis of required molecules and structures by organisms Synthesis of required molecules and structures by organisms

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display General Properties of Living Systems  Metabolism is an interaction of destructive (catabolic) and constructive (anabolic) reactions  The most fundamental anabolic and catabolic chemical processes used by living systems arose early in the evolutionary history of life

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display General Properties of Living Systems 6. Development:  All organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle  Development describes the characteristic changes that an organism undergoes from its origin to its final adult form

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display General Properties of Living Systems 7. Environmental Interaction:  All animals interact with their environments  Ecology: The study of organismal interaction with an environment

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display General Properties of Living Systems 8. Movement:  Living systems extract energy from their environments permitting the initiation of controlled movements

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Zoology As Part of Biology Animals originated in the Precambrian seas over 600 million years ago Animals originated in the Precambrian seas over 600 million years ago General Characteristics of Animals: General Characteristics of Animals: 1. Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane- enclosed nuclei 2. Heterotrophs: Not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources 3. Cells lack cell walls

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Is this a plant cell or animal cell? Both Both  Euglena has combine characteristics of plant (photosynthesis) and animal cells (heterotrophic). Kingdom Protista 1-20

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Nature of Science: The Blind Men and the Elephant The First approached the Elephant, Against his broad and sturdy side, At once began to bawl: "God bless me! but the Elephant Is very like a wall!"

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Blind Men and the Elephant The Second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, "Ho! what have we here So very round and smooth and sharp? To me it is mighty clear This wonder of an Elephant Is very like a spear!"

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Blind Men and the Elephant The Third approached the animal, And happening to take The squirming trunk within his hands, Thus boldly up and spoke: "I see," said he, "the Elephant Is very like a snake!"

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Blind Men and the Elephant The Fourth reached out an eager hand, And felt about the knee. "What most this wondrous beast is like Is mighty plain," said he; " It is clear enough the Elephant Is very like a tree!"

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Blind Men and the Elephant The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear, Said: "Even the blindest man Can tell what this resembles most; Deny the fact who can This marvel of an Elephant Is very like a fan!"

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Blind Men and the Elephant The Sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to grope, Than, seizing on the swinging tail That fell within his reach, "I see," said he, "the Elephant Is very like a rope!"

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Blind Men and the Elephant So oft in theologic wars, The disputants, I ween, Rail on in utter ignorance Of what each other mean, And prate about an Elephant Not one of them has seen!

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nature of Science One ancient evening, lost in the mists of time, someone looked into the sky and wondered for the first time: One ancient evening, lost in the mists of time, someone looked into the sky and wondered for the first time: What are those lights? Where did plants and animals come from? How did I come to be? Since then, humans have tried to answer those questions. At first, the answers our ancestors came up with involved tales of magic or legends like the one that accounted for the eye-like markings on a peacock’s tail. Then, slowly, humans began to explore the natural world using a scientific approach. What scientific method do we use? Since then, humans have tried to answer those questions. At first, the answers our ancestors came up with involved tales of magic or legends like the one that accounted for the eye-like markings on a peacock’s tail. Then, slowly, humans began to explore the natural world using a scientific approach. What scientific method do we use?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Scientific Method A step-by-step approach to problem solving: A step-by-step approach to problem solving: 1. Asking a Question or Observation 2. Forming a Hypothesis 3. Testing the Hypothesis 4. Recording and analyzing data 5. Forming a conclusion 6. Replicating the work

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Scientific Method 1. Asking a Question State the problem as a question State the problem as a question Read, research, and make observations Read, research, and make observations Examine possible solutions Examine possible solutions

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Scientific Method 2. Forming a Hypothesis Hypothesis – proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations Hypothesis – proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations NOT an educated guess  WHY? Uses prior knowledge, logical inference, and informed, creative imagination to make a prediction about what will happen NOT an educated guess  WHY? Uses prior knowledge, logical inference, and informed, creative imagination to make a prediction about what will happen If _________________________________________, then ______________________________________. If _________________________________________, then ______________________________________.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Scientific Method 3. Testing the Hypothesis Further observation Further observation Controlled Experiment – experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time; all other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled Controlled Experiment – experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time; all other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled Manipulated variable (independent) – variable that is deliberately changed in an experiment. You have control over. Manipulated variable (independent) – variable that is deliberately changed in an experiment. You have control over. Responding variable (dependent) – variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable. You do not have control over the outcome. Responding variable (dependent) – variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable. You do not have control over the outcome.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Scientific Method 4. Recording and analyzing data Data – information gathered from observations Data – information gathered from observations Quantitative data – number based data Quantitative data – number based data Qualitative data – word based data Qualitative data – word based data Carefully record ALL data Carefully record ALL data Organize data into charts and graphs Organize data into charts and graphs

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Scientific Method 5. Forming a conclusion Inference – logical interpretation of the data based on prior knowledge or experience Inference – logical interpretation of the data based on prior knowledge or experience Summarize your findings Summarize your findings Was the hypothesis supported by the data? Was the hypothesis supported by the data? YES – ACCEPT and continue to Step #6: Replicating the Work YES – ACCEPT and continue to Step #6: Replicating the Work Was it not supported? Was it not supported? No – REJECT and return to Step #2: Forming a Hypothesis No – REJECT and return to Step #2: Forming a Hypothesis Is more data needed? Is more data needed? Return to Step #3: Testing the Hypothesis Return to Step #3: Testing the Hypothesis

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Scientific Method 6. Replicating the work MUST be possible for other scientists to duplicate the experimental results  REPRODUCIBILITY MUST be possible for other scientists to duplicate the experimental results  REPRODUCIBILITY WHY? WHY?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Principles of Science If a hypothesis is very powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena, it attains the level of a theory If a hypothesis is very powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena, it attains the level of a theory Two major theories that guide zoological research: Two major theories that guide zoological research: 1.Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 2.The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Theories of Evolution and Heredity Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Over 150 years old Over 150 years old Published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in England in 1859 Published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in England in 1859 Darwinism encompasses several different, although mutually compatible theories Darwinism encompasses several different, although mutually compatible theories

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Theories of Evolution and Heredity Ernst Mayr (Harvard University) proposed that Darwinism should be viewed as five major theories: Ernst Mayr (Harvard University) proposed that Darwinism should be viewed as five major theories: 1.Perpetual Change 2.Common Descent 3.Multiplication of the Species 4.Gradualism 5.Natural Selection

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Theories of Evolution and Heredity 1. Perpetual Change  The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always changing The varying forms of organisms undergo measurable change across generations throughout time The varying forms of organisms undergo measurable change across generations throughout time Documented by the fossil record Documented by the fossil record Theory upon which the remaining 4 are based Theory upon which the remaining 4 are based

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Theories of Evolution and Heredity 2. Common Descent  All forms of life descend from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages Life’s history has the structure of a branching evolutionary tree, known as a phylogeny Life’s history has the structure of a branching evolutionary tree, known as a phylogeny Serves as the basis for our taxonomic classification of animals Serves as the basis for our taxonomic classification of animals

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Theories of Evolution and Heredity 3. Multiplication of Species  The evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Theories of Evolution and Heredity 4. Gradualism  Large differences in traits between species that originate through the accumulation of many small changes over very long periods of time

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Theories of Evolution and Heredity 5. Natural Selection  A process by which inherited traits that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction are favored more than less beneficial traits within a population Adaptation Adaptation An anatomical structure, physiological process, or behavioral trait that evolved by natural selection and improves an organism’s ability to survive and leave descendants

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Controls and Variables Control – Factors that do not change over the course of the experiment. Control – Factors that do not change over the course of the experiment. Variable – A factor you will change throughout an experiment. Variable – A factor you will change throughout an experiment. 1-44