Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Phylum Archaezoa Archezoa Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Phylum Archaezoa

The Organism as a Unit of Life Looking Back at Bio 115 The Organism as a Unit of Life Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many! Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.) Growth = irreversible change in size Reproduction…failure = extinction Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

Multicellular Animals Shifting Kingdoms Lumpers Splitters Animalia Protista 2 3 5 6 8 Bacteria Archaebacteria Archezoans Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria Protista refined 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Still needs refining! Protista appears 5 3 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria Protista refined 8 Still needs refining! Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

How Many Kingdoms? Extant Eukaryotes ARE Chimeras! Extinct Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria Eukaryotes ARE Chimeras! Cyanobacterium endosymbiosis Extinct Eubacterium endosymbiosis http://www.stockhillhouse.co.uk/griffon.jpg Though sketched here as single events, these endosymbioses were very likely multiple events! Original Cell

Archezoans “Protozoan parasites without mitochondria or Golgi” Oldest nucleated cells Diverged from other Eukaryotes 2bybp… prior to ER and Golgi evolution Lack peroxisomes Ribosomes are 70S but NOT 80S 400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!) Three phyla: Archaeamoebae/Pelobiontida (Pelomyxa) Metamonada (Giardia) Microsporidia

Pelomyxa palustris Pseudopodia Endosymbiotic bacteria Free-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic) Phagocytosis active Uroid Accumulate glycogen reserves At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons! Glycogen body Anterior uroid (macropseudopodium) for amoeboid movement Vacuoles Smaller pseudopodia do not enlarge http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html

Reproduction: Mitosis of nucleus Cytokinesis by furrowing Nuclei “Daughter” Amoeba http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html What would you suggest has been a large component of this individual’s phagocytosis diet? http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/frame3.html

Giardia lamblia Diplomonad intestinal parasite 2 nuclei in anterior of cell Motility 2 anterior flagella 4 ventral flagella 2 posterior flagella Ventral disc ridges provide adhesion to host http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-trph.jpg

Giardia lamblia Parasite cyst in feces of beaver released into watershed http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-cyst2.jpg Humans ingest water… cyst grows into trophozoite (shown)… parasite attaches to intestinal wall Parasite proliferates and, as digestion continues, are torn from lining leading to bloody diarrhea http://www.nps.gov/olym/people/giardia.jpg

Giardia lamblia Parasite cyst showing environmentally-stable wall of cyst, ectoplasm, endoplasm with 2 of 4 nuclei http://atlas.or.kr/atlas/include/viewImg.html?uid=302 Trophozoites in various planes of section showing nuclei, flagellae, etc. http://atlas.or.kr/donation/donation_files/DSCN1031.jpg Adhesive disc from ventral surface of trophozoite.

Nosema locustae Microsporidian parasite of locusts, grasshoppers and crickets Used as a form of biological control http://bioweb.usu.edu/emlab/Galleries/parasites/color_microsporidia.jpg http://entomology.unl.edu/images/beneficials/protozoan/nosema1.jpg http://www.agecology.com/productlogos/nolobait.gif

Nosema algerae Microsporidian parasite of mosquitoes Wet Mount Scanning EM Transmission EM http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/entomology/brooks/6a_d.jpg

Nosema apis Microsporidian parasite of honeybees Swollen intestinal system, loss of banding patterns Diarrhea, winterkill Nosema apis Control by Fumagillin-B from Aspergillus fumigatus http://www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/hartmann/images/fumagillin.jpg http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/pest&disease/slide39.htm