SOLUTION & SUSPENSIONS CHAPTER 2.2 SOLUTION & SUSPENSIONS

Solutions & Suspensions Water is usually part of a mixture. There are two types of mixtures: 1._______________ 2. ______________ Solutions Suspensions

Solutions A _________ is a mixture in which 2 or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance SOLUTION

Solutions SOLUTE SOLVENT _____________ is the substance dissolved in the solution Particles may be ions, atoms, or molecules _______________ is the substance in which the solute is dissolved SOLVENT

Solution

A __________________is one in which no more solute can be dissolved Solutions can be composed of varying proportions of a given solute in a given solvent --- vary in concentration (measurement of the amount of solute) A __________________is one in which no more solute can be dissolved SATURATED SOLUTION

WATER IS POLAR UNIVERSAL SOLVENT _______________(water solutions) are universally important to living things Water is the __________________ AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS UNIVERSAL SOLVENT

WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/thermochem/solutionSalt.html

“Like dissolves like” HYDROPHILIC ____________________ means “water loving” _________ molecules try to _________ and touch water or ______________ molecules POLAR BE NEAR OTHER POLAR Water makes a great solvent in living things because so many molecules found in living things are polar or have a charge.

NONPOLAR MOLECULES Nonpolar molecules do not ________ well in water. DISSOLVE Nonpolar molecules do not ________ well in water. When they are placed in water the _____________are more attracted to ___________than to the nonpolar molecules OIL AND WATER DO NOT MIX WATER MOLECULES EACH OTHER

“Like dissolves like” HYDROPHOBIC http://egullet.com/imgs/egci/nonstocksauce/nons1.JPG “Like dissolves like” HYDROPHOBIC _________________ means “water fearing” ___________ molecules try to _________ other __________ molecules and __________ ________ molecules NON-POLAR BE NEAR NON-POLAR AWAY FROM POLAR Oil based paints dissolve in solvents such as turpentine . . . not water.

The same molecule can have both POLAR and NON-POLAR parts EX: PHOSPHOLIPIDS The same molecule can have both POLAR and NON-POLAR parts Polar head NON-polar tails

This is very important to organisms. The shape and function of the cell membranes depend on the interaction of ________ water with _______________membrane molecules POLAR NON-POLAR

THIS IS A VERY GOOD THING! CELL MEMBRANE Water crosses the cell membrane all the time. Since it is composed of ______________molecules it will attract water but not be dissolved by water. THIS IS A VERY GOOD THING! POLAR AND NON-POLAR

“Like dissolves like” NON-polar end ______ works because it has a _____________ that dissolves _______ and a __________ that dissolves in _____ to wash away oily dirt. SOAP GREASE POLAR END WATER

Suspensions Substances that don’t dissolve but separate into tiny pieces. Water keeps the pieces suspended so they don’t settle out.

YOUR MOST IMPORTANT SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION Your blood is BOTH a solution and a suspension. It has dissolved compounds in it. Your blood cells are not dissolved in the solution. The plasma in the blood helps to hold up or suspend the blood cells. When your heart stops pumping then the cells will fall out of suspension.

DISSOCIATION OF WATER Breaking apart of the water molecule into two ions of opposite charge (due to strong attraction of oxygen atom of one molecule for H atom of another water molecule) H2O  H+ (hydrogen ion) + OH- (hydroxide ion)

DISSOCIATION OF WATER H2O  H+ + OH- A water molecule can react to form ______ IONS H2O  H+ + OH- Hydrogen Ion Hydroxide Ion

Atoms/ions important for living things Used to make bigger molecules Ions = electrically charged atoms ____________ Carbon - C ____________ Oxygen - O Sodium – Na+ Chloride – Cl- Hydrogen - H Potassium – K+ Nitrogen - N Calcium – Ca++ Sulfur - S Hydrogen – H+ Phosphorus - P

ACIDS AND BASES One of the most important aspects of a living system is the degree of __________ or ____________ ACIDITY ALKALINITY Acids are sour or tart: vinegar, lemon and orange juice, wine, aspirin. Bases are bitter: coffee, tonic water, baking soda, antacid tablets, soap.

pH Scale 0-14 LOGARITHMIC SCALE _________________ for comparing the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution ranges in #’s from _________ 0-14 Each pH is 10X stronger than next That means that a solution that is ph 1 is 10 times stronger than a solution that is ph 2

pH The term "pH" was invented in 1909 by the Danish chemist Søren Sørensen. It stands for ______________ which means "potential hydrogen". pondus hydrogenii

The pH Scale ACID BASE NEUTRAL pH 0 – 6.99 is an _______

WHEN pH PAPER IS USED IN LAB IT WILL TURN A PARTICULAR COLOR TO INDICATE WHETHER THE SOLUTION IS ACIDIC, NEUTRAL, OR ALKALINE.

> Acids hydrogen ions (H+) GREATER (H+) (OH-) Number of __________________ in solutions is ____________ than the number of hydroxide ions (OH-) GREATER > (H+) (OH-) The ________ the pH # the _________ the ACID The ___________ the pH # the ___________ the ACID HIGHER WEAKER LOWER STRONGER

Acids EXAMPLE HCl  H+ + Cl-

> Bases hydroxide ions(OH-) GREATER (OH-) (H+) Number of __________________ in solutions is ____________ than the number of hydrogen ions (H+) GREATER > (OH-) (H+) The ________ the pH # the _________ the BASE The ___________ the pH # the ___________ the BASE HIGHER STRONGER LOWER WEAKER

REVIEW: DISSOCIATION 1 3 4 5 6 2

ACID OR BASE? ACID OR BASE

REVIEW pH 7.0 is__________ the _______the pH the stronger the ACID LOWER the _______the pH the stronger the ACID the _________the pH the stronger the BASE pH 7.0 is__________ HIGHER NEUTRAL BASE ACID

What does the arrow indicate? What does the arrow indicate? REVIEW PH VALUE ? PH VALUE ? PH VALUE ? What does the arrow indicate? What does the arrow indicate?

Control of pH is very important CONTROLLING pH Control of pH is very important Most _____________ function only within a very narrow pH HOMEOSTASIS is accomplished with ___________ made by the body Buffers keep a neutral pH (pH 7) ENZYMES BUFFERS

Buffers _________ small amounts of either an acid or base added to a solution NEUTRALIZE Complex buffering systems maintain the ______________of your body’s many fluids at normal and safe levels pH VALUES

BUFFERS We have “added” special buffers to medications to help with keeping the pH in the stomach neutral.

pH IN YOUR LIFE

pH AND YOU Human blood pH should be slightly alkaline 7.35 - 7.45. Below or above this range means symptoms and disease. If blood pH moves below 6.8 or above 7.8, cells stop functioning and the body dies. The body therefore continually strives to balance pH. (HOMEOSTASIS) When this balance is compromised many problems can occur.

PROBLEMS WITH ph: ACIDOSIS THIS IS EXTRA STUFF: DO NOT HAVE TO KNOW FOR THE TEST PROBLEMS WITH ph: ACIDOSIS

THIS IS WHY PARENTS AND TEACHERS ARE ALWAYS “NAGGING” YOU TO EAT THE PROPER FOODS! YOUR PARENTS LOVE YOU AND TEACHERS CARE ABOUT YOU---BUNCHES!

NEXT YEAR IN CHEMISTRY YOU WILL LEARN A LOT MORE ABOUT PH.