Multicellular Animals Shifting Kingdoms Lumpers Splitters 2 3 5 6 8 Bacteria Archaebacteria Archezoans Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 5 3 Extinct 2 Long Time with 1 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria 8 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

How Long Ago? Extant 0.5 Land! Plants 1 Multicellular 2 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria 0.5 Land! Plants 1 Multicellular 2 First Eukaryotes Extinct 3 Cyanobacterial Oxygen Long Time with Prokaryotes only 4 BYBP Origin of Life Original Cell

Evidence Categories History - clearer recently, more obscure anciently Fossils - stratigraphic depth, isotope decay, etc. Chemical - metabolic products such as O2, Ss Molecular - DNA sequence alterations, etc. Developmental sequences - onto- phylo- geny Biogeography - Pangea, Gondwana & Laurasia

How do we know the Evolution Pathway? Phylogenetic Systematics Inferences from comparison of extant organisms Characters-Attributes of the organism Anatomy Morphology Development Physiology Macromolecule Sequences Polarizing Character States Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup