SI Session Respiratory system Spring 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 Picture from

Major of the respiratory system ____________ movement of air in and out of lungs for blood gas exchange (external). ____________ is passive and occurs between blood and tissues (internal). _______________ is energy-liberating reactions of cell respiration (internal). Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H: Conducting zone Respiratory zone Trachea Bronchus Bronchial tree Bronchioles Alveolar sacs Alveolus(Alveoli) Gas exchange Ventilation Oxygen utilization

___________ Ventilation ___________Gas exchange _______________Oxygen utilization Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Asthma -Produced by an obstruction of air flow through the bronchioles. -(Restrictive/Obstructive) disorders. -FEV(forced expiratory volume) is (normal/reduced). -Vital capacity is (normal/reduced). Glucocorticoids -inhibit ___________. The obstruction is caused by inflammation, mucous secretion, and ________________. bronchconstriction inflammation Bronchodilators -__________ stimulate (beta1/beta2)-receptors in the bronchioles.  promotes _____________. Epinephrine Bronchodilation Beta1 receptor in the heart Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

A: B: C: D: E: F: Tidal volume(TV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV) Expiratory Reserve volume(ERV) Residual volume(RV) Vital capacity(VC) Total lung capacity Total lung capacity = ________________ + ________________ = ________________ + _______________ + ________________ + ________________ Vital capacity(VC) Residual volume(RV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV) Expiratory Reserve volume(ERV) Residual volume(RV) Tidal volume(TV) ______________ is amount of air expired/breath in quiet breathing.Tidal volume(TV) ______________ is amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation. Vital capacity(VC) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Respiration Rate(RR) The unconscious rhythmic control of breathing is influenced by sensory feedback from ______________ sensitive to the PCO 2, pH and PO 2 of arterial blood. Chemoreceptors Breathing(ventilation) -in the regulation, PCO 2 and pH in the blood are (greater/less) importance than PO 2. -Usually adjusted to metabolic rate to maintain normal ____ levels. -Hypoventilation(↓RR)  (low/high) CO 2 in the blood; (low/high) pH.  Try to breath out CO 2  (↓/↑) Respiration rate -Hyperventilation  (low/high) CO2 in the blood; ; (low/high) pH  Try to hold CO2  (↓/↑) Respiration rate CO 2 CO 2 is removed by ____________.breathing Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Hyperventilation (Overbreathing) -the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary -More O2 in; More CO2 out Low CO2  High O2, Low CO2 in the body Hypoventilation (R espiratory depression ) -Ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange. Or the state of breathing slower and/or lighter. -Less O2 in; Less CO2 out High CO2  Low O2, High CO2 in the body Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Chemoreceptor is more sensitive to (PCO 2 /PO 2 ).Chemoreceptors -Monitor PCO 2, PO 2, and __. -within the _______, heart, and arteries. -influence automatic breathing(ventilation). pH medulla *PCO 2 – the CO 2 concentration of arterial blood plasma. Hyperventilation causes (low/high) CO 2  (low/high)pH. Hypoventilation causes (low/high) CO 2  (low/high)pH. Low blood pH due to High PCO 2 High blood pH due to low PCO 2  Detected by _____________Chemoreceptor! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Low blood pH -stimulates chemoreceptor in ____________________. -(increase/decrease) ventilation. Hypoventilation -Increased PCO 2  (increases/decrease) [H+]; lower pH -stimulates chemoreceptor in _______. -(increases/decreases) ventilation. Hyperventilation -Decreased PCO 2  Decrease [H+]; (rise/lower) pH -stimulates chemoreceptor in _______. -(increase/decrease) ventilation. medulla aortic and carotid bodies Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Hemoglobin (Hb) -_______ polypeptide chains _____________that bind O2 4 globin 4 heme groups Loading of Hb with O 2 occurs in ______; unloading in ______. lungs tissues Each heme has a ferrous ion that can bind __ O 2  Therefore, each Hb can carry __O 2 s 1 4 O2-carrying capacity of blood depends on its ____ levels Hb Hb production is controlled by ________________ The EPO Production stimulated by ________ in kidneys erythropoietin (EPO) low PO 2 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) in RBCs -makes “deoxyhemoglobin” : ↑ 2,3-DPG  ↓Affinity O 2  ↑ O 2 Unloading Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

What are PCO 2, PO 2 anyway? PCO 2 : partial pressure of CO 2 P gas : partial pressure of that gas PO 2 : partial pressure of O 2 When we say …. “High PO 2 ” – “Low PO 2 ” – indicates that more oxygen is dissolved in the plasma. indicates that less oxygen is dissolved in the plasma. PO 2 (does/does not) contain oxygen in Hb. Most O 2 in the blood is located in the (plasma/RBCs). PO 2 (does/does not) provide a measurement of the total oxygen content of “whole” blood. O2 must first dissolve in the plasma before it can diffuse to the tissue cells increasing PO 2. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Increase in ventilation -(more/less) air brought to _____  (more/less/unchanged) PO 2 in blood; (more/less/unchanged) PCO 2  Sense in _____________.  (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate Breathing pure O 2 (100% O 2 )  (more/less/unchanged) PO 2 in blood; (more/less/unchanged) CO 2  (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate  later, (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate. At High attitude -(Decreased/increased) PO 2 -To increase oxygenation Ventilation is (increased/decreased) (More/Less) RBCs are synthesized alveoli chemoreceptors Anemia -RBCs or Hb levels are (below/above) normal.  (↓/↑/-) O 2 -carrying capacity of blood  (↓/↑/-) O 2 level. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Anemia -RBCs or Hb levels are (below/above) normal.  (increase/decrease) delivery of O 2 from lungs to the body  Oxygen level drops  ↑2,3-DPG  ↓Affinity O 2  ↑O 2 unloading to compensate decreased PO 2 so, may deliver adequate O 2 to tissues.  Later, inadequate O 2 to tissues. 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) in RBCs -makes “deoxyhemoglobin” : ↑ 2,3-DPG  ↓Affinity O 2  ↑O 2 Unloading When oxygen level drops When oxygen level drops( ↓PO 2 ) in normal situation  ↑2,3-DPG  ↓Affinity O 2  ↑O 2 unloading to increase PO 2 so, deliver adequate O 2 to tissues. (for compensation) RBCs are O 2 transporter!!! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

At High altitude 1) ↑ Ventilation -92% - 93% O 2 at high altitude.  (↓/↑/-) PO 2, (↓/↑/-) O 2 in Hb, (↓/↑/-)PCO2  (Hyperventilation/Hypoventilation) 2) ↓ Affinity of Hb for O 2 -(↓/↑/-) PO 2 at high altitude  (↓/↑/-)2,3-DPG  (↓/↑/-) affinity of Hb for O 2  (↓/↑/-)unloading O2 3) ↑ Hb and RBC production - (↓/↑/-) PO 2  stimulates ___________________ in the kidneys  increase production of ___ and _____. erythropoietin (EPO) HbRBC Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010