Review of Flower Formula: Crassula argentea - the jade plant

What is the flower formula? Ranunculus - buttercup Review: What is the flower formula?

What is the flower formula for this plant? Lilium tigrinum - tiger lily What is the flower formula for this plant? The strange lateral buds are called bulbils. These are shed as a means of vegetative propagation

Adaptations for Pollination Attraction Visual Cues: Color, Shape, Size Olfactory Cues: Scent, Odor Reward Nectar: Sucrose, Water, Amino Acids Pollen: Vitamins, Minerals, Protein Behavior: Recreational Motivation!

Attraction: Visual Bull’s Eye Hemerocallis - day lily Rudbeckia hirta - black-eyed Susan

Black and White Image - minus red Gaillardia grandiflora - Indian blanket flower Standard Black and White Image = all colors Black and White Image - UV only

Nectar Guides Nice scent too!

Osmophores: release scent as alternate attractant Sometimes the scent is the reward… A behavioral reward!

Ophrys insectifera with pollinator Argogorytes mystaceus http://www.orchid-rhoen.de/Bitmaps/34%20Ophrys%20insectifera.jpg http://ibelgique.ifrance.com/ophrys/insc1.jpg http://guenther.blaich.bei.t-online.de/argoins.htm Ophrys insectifera with pollinator Argogorytes mystaceus Bergstrm, G. (1978) Role of volatile chemicals in Ophrys-pollinator interactions In Biochemical Aspects of Plant and Animal Coevolution (J. B. Harborne, ed.), Academic Press, London.

Beetles as pollinators: lousy flight accuracy, heavy feeding Target is large Alternate entry Heavy flower parts Pollen load is heavy Fantasy Island… Or Nightmare Island?

Perching Birds Same Sequence Stiff-Leaf Perches! Hovering Birds and Sequence!

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Asclepias - Milkweed and Monarchs

Kalmia - mountain laurel

Nectar spur: a pouch containing phloem exudate

Darwin described an orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale from Madagascar with an 11.5-inch nectar spur! He predicted that there would be a pollinating animal with 11.5-in mouthparts to drink the nectar, but never found the animal. Much later (1903), Xanthopan morgani predicta, its pollinator was found with an 11.5-inch siphon! http://perso.wanadoo.fr/cryptozoo/dossiers/xanthopan.jpg

Wind Pollination: Corn (Zea mays)

Male flowers in the tassel Huge numbers of small, dry pollen grains, shed from high on plant. Perianth small, greenish, no nectar

Female flowers in ear Long, sticky, hairy stigmas = silk

Ross’ Rogues Gallery Flowers that Horticulture has turned into what I consider to be hideous monsters!

Dianthus caryophyllus - carnation

Rosa floribunda - rose

Malus domestica - apple

Gaillardia grandiflora - Indian blanket flower

Hemerocallis - daylily