COS S TANDARD 14 Trace events of the modern Civil Rights Movement from post-World War II to 1970 that resulted in social and economic changes, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School, the March on Washington, Freedom Rides, the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, and the Selma-to- Montgomery March.

TRACING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S INVOLVEMENT IN THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, INCLUDING THE ABOLITION OF THE POLL TAX, THE NATIONALIZATION OF STATE MILITIAS, BROWN VERSUS BOARD OF EDUCATION IN 1954, THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS OF 1957 AND 1964, AND THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 EXPLAINING CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS TO THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, INCLUDING MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., JAMES MEREDITH, MEDGAR EVERS, THURGOOD MARSHALL, THE SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (SCLC), THE STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC), THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE), THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP), AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS FOOT SOLDIERS APPRAISING CONTRIBUTIONS OF PERSONS AND EVENTS IN ALABAMA THAT INFLUENCED THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, INCLUDING ROSA PARKS, AUTHERINE LUCY, JOHN PATTERSON, GEORGE C. WALLACE, VIVIAN MALONE JONES, FRED SHUTTLESWORTH, THE CHILDREN’S MARCH, AND KEY LOCAL PERSONS DESCRIBING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BLACK POWER MOVEMENT, INCLUDING THE CHANGE IN FOCUS OF THE SNCC, THE RISE OF MALCOLM X, AND STOKELY CARMICHAEL AND THE BLACK PANTHER MOVEMENT DESCRIBING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENTREPRENEURS ON THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, INCLUDING S. B. FULLER AND A. G. GASTON Chapter 29

M ONTGOMERY B US B OYCOTT Rosa Parks challenges the segregation of the transportation system African Americans quickly form organizations and elect a leader to head the bus boycott Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Carpools and walked to work Rosa Parks' case went through the court system December 1956: segregation of buses is unconstitutional

M ONTGOMERY B US B OYCOTT

L ITTLE R OCK C ENTRAL H IGH S CHOOL September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas 9 African American Students are to attend Central High School The Governor, Orval Faubus, wants to be re-elected and stands up for white supremacy. He ordered National Guard troops to prevent those 9 students from entering the school. National Guard and an angry mob stop students from registering. He defied to federal government. Faubus removed the National Guard’s duty and left the students to the angry mob.

L ITTLE R OCK C ENTRAL H IGH S CHOOL C ONTINUED Beat students and break windows, police escort students away Eisenhower send in the U. S. Army to put down the angry mob The students come back to the school The U. S. Army has to remain at the school for the rest of the year

L ITTLE R OCK C ENTRAL H IGH S CHOOL

M ARCH ON W ASHINGTON August 28, ,000 demonstrators march on Washington D. C. Sang songs, heard speeches at the Lincoln Memorial Dr. King gives his “ I Have a Dream” Speech

W ASHINGTON D. C.

F REEDOM R IDERS People who boarded buses; rode all over the Southeast in protest to get more civil rights Attacked in Montgomery, Alabama JFK suggested they stop; continued to Mississippi JFK wanted the violence stopped, he made a deal with Senator James Eastland Eastland needed to prevent the violence and the Mississippi police could arrest the Freedom Riders No violence, they were arrested CORE used funds to bail out the freedom riders. The rides would have to stop unless they found more money Thurgood Marshall and NAACP offer money.

F REEDOM R IDERS CONTINUED Kennedy refocuses his efforts. Orders the Interstate Commerce Commission to tighten regulations against segregated bus terminals Robert Kennedy’s action: Orders the Justice Department to take legal actions against Southern cities that maintained segregated bus terminals. By 1962, segregated bus travel had ended.

F REEDOM R IDERS

16 TH S TREET B OMBING Birmingham, Alabama September 15, 1963 Robert Chambliss placed a box by the steps of the 16 th Street Baptist Church The box exploded killing 4 people: Denise McNair, Addie Mae Collins, Carol Robertson and Cynthia Wesley; injuring 23 others.

16 TH S TREET B OMBING

S ELMA TO M ONTGOMERY M ARCH Sunday March 7, 1965 Mostly African American people, but few registered to vote 50 mile march from Selma to Montgomery The protesters approach the Edmund Pettis Bridge and they kneel to pray. State troopers and deputized citizens rush the protesters and beat them. appears on TV Became known as Bloody Sunday 70 hospitalized, more injured Result: Voting Rights Act of 1965

B LOODY S UNDAY

B ROWN VERSUS THE B OARD OF E DUCATION OF T OPEKA, K ANSAS Linda Brown was not allowed to go to her neighborhood school because of her race Must attend school across town Her parents sue May 17, 1954: case was decided, segregation is unconstitutional in schools Violated the 14 th amendment: equal protection clause

C IVIL R IGHTS A CT OF 1957 Intended to protect African Americans right to vote Actually creates a civil rights division within the Justice Department and seeks court injunction against anyone who interfered with the right to vote Created the US Commission on Civil Rights to investigate allegations of denial of voting rights

C IVIL R IGHTS ACT OF 1964 Made segregation illegal in most public places Gave people of all races and nationalities equal access to facilities like restaurants and libraries More power to force school desegregation and end workplace discrimination (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

V OTING R IGHTS A CT OF 1965 Federal Examiner will register people to vote Suspended literacy tests Turning point of Civil Rights Movement: Segregation is outlawed and new federal laws were put into place to end discrimination and protect voting rights

James Meredith 1 st African American to attend University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) US Marshals escort to class, riots start, 2 killed Later transferred to Jackson State College

Medgar Evers NAACP’s 1 st field officers for Mississippi Applied to University of Mississippi Law School and was denied based on color/race. Murdered in 1963 because of support in the Civil Rights Movement (just moments after JFK’s speech on Civil Rights)

Thurgood Marshall Attorney Chief Council for the NAACP 1 st African American Justice in the Supreme Court Won the Brown v. BOE Court Case

SCLC The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. challenged the segregation of public transportation, housing, at the voting booths, and in public accommodations set up to eliminate segregation from American society and to encourage African Americans to register to vote.

SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Sit-ins Robert Moses pointed out that rural African Americans needed help as well When they went South, SNCC volunteers had their lives threatened and others were beaten. In 1964 three SNCC workers were murdered as they tried to register African Americans to vote. Fannie Lou Hamner was arrested for trying to register people to vote. The group led student sit-ins to desegregate public facilities in Southern communities. Members of the group went to rural areas of the Deep South to register African Americans to vote.

CORE In Chicago 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded. CORE used sit-ins as a form of protest against segregation and discrimination. In 1943 CORE used sit-ins to protest segregation in restaurants. These sit-ins resulted in the integration of many restaurants, theaters, and other public facilities in Chicago, Detroit, Denver, and Syracuse. Freedom Riders

NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had supported court cases trying to overturn segregation since It provided financial support and lawyers to African Americans.

Autherine Lucy and Vivian Malone 1 st African American woman to attend the University of Alabama in st African American Woman to enroll and graduate from the University of Alabama James Hood

John Patterson and George Wallace Governor of Alabama Did not support Freedom Riders with police protection Governor of Alabama Blocks two African American students from attending school at the University of Alabama

Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth Civil Rights leader from Birmingham, Alabama Established Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights in 1956 Secretary of SCLC, later became president of SCLC Joined CORE’s Freedom Riders

Malcolm X Symbol: Black Power movement member of the Nation of Islam AKA Black Muslims believed that African Americans should separate themselves from whites and form their own self-governing communities broke from the Nation of Islam and began to believe an integrated society was possible In 1965, 3 members of the Nation of Islam killed Malcolm X. Remembered for: African Americans had been victims in the past, they did not have to allow racism to victimize them now.

Stokley Carmichael SNCC leader control the social, political, and economic direction of their struggle for equality Black power stressed pride in the African American culture and opposed cultural assimilation, or the philosophy of incorporating different racial or cultural groups into the dominant society.

S. B. Fuller and A. G. Gaston Businessman from Birmingham, Alabama Offered money to help Alabamians in Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Activist in Alabama Fred Shuttlesworth MLK Jr. American Businessman NAACP