Reconstruction: 1865-1877 Preview Activity Standards: US.II 3a,3b,3c,4c Preview Activity Picture: http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/

Civil War: Discussion Review Why did the Civil War start? Who fought in the Civil War? How did the Civil War end?

Safari Montage: Reconstruction Introduction

What was “Reconstruction”? After the Civil War, the South was devastated and bitter Reconstruction was the re- building of the Union (particularly in the South) Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former slaves had achieved The Library of Congress

Reconstruction Amendments Passed by Congress to help with Reconstruction Guaranteed equal protection under the law 13th Amendment (1865) 14th Amendment (1868) 15th Amendment (1870) Helpful phrase: “FREE CITIZENS VOTE!”

13th Amendment Abolished (banned) slavery in the U.S. and its territories "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” SAFARI Montage http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html

14th Amendment Rules that you are a citizen if you are born in the U.S. or its territories “All persons born or naturalized in the United States…are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.” SAFARI Montage http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html

15th Amendment It is illegal to deny someone the right to vote based on race "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” SAFARI Montage

Reconstruction Amendments Tweeting the News: Reconstruction Amendments

DILI 3a: Reconstruction Amendments

Conflict Resolution: Post - Civil War Mediation Activity

Lincoln’s Plan of Reconciliation To bring into agreement or harmony To come together, forgiving and forgetting the past Lincoln believed that preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South. SAFARI Montage http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-civilwar/5518 (AKA: The 10% Plan)

Robert E. Lee: Pro-Reconciliation Former Confederate General Urged Southerners to reconcile with Northerners at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight Became president of Washington College, which is now known as Washington and Lee University http://www.biography.com/people/robert-e-lee-9377163

Lincoln Assassinated April 14th, 1865, Lincoln was shot at Ford’s Theatre in D.C. by John Wilkes Booth Died the next day, on April 15th, 1865 The Bettmann Archive

President Andrew Johnson From Tennessee, a Confederate state Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union SAFARI Montage http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/ajohnson/

President Johnson’s Plan Offered amnesty (forgiveness) to all Southerners who took a simple oath, or promise of loyalty, EXCEPT Confederate officers State constitutions had to deny slavery and secession EFFECTS Certain leading Confederates could not vote They just gained power in state governments Same old, same old!

Historical Perspectives POLITICAL Associated with “politics” Involves government, public office, rights, laws, etc. SOCIAL Associated with “society” Involves race, gender, age and other ways of grouping people ECONOMIC Associated with the “economy” Involves money, business, trade, jobs, etc.

Policies and Problems of Reconstruction: SCREAM Notes Soldiers from the North supervised the South. Carpetbaggers from the North take control of Southern politics and business, leading to resentment from the Southerners. Rights for African Americans were gained as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which also authorized the use of federal troops to enforce it. Establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau to aid former enslaved African Americans in the South. African Americans could hold public office in the South. Military leaders of the Confederacy could not hold office. Policies and Problems of Reconstruction: SCREAM Notes

Southern Reaction to Reconstruction: Creation of the Black Codes The purpose was to control daily life for freedmen Kept them working on plantations and farming Received the same old treatment Forced many former slaves to become “sharecroppers” SAFARI Montage http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/sharecrop/

Cycle of Sharecropping *Sharecropping Activity The sharecropper rents a piece of land from the landowner. This rent includes a shack, seeds and farming tools. The sharecropper promises to give the landowner a percentage of the crops. The sharecropper plants and harvest the crops such as corn, wheat, fruits, pecans, and peanuts. The sharecropper gives the landowner the amount of crops agreed upon. Some of the remaining crops feed the sharecropper’s family. Rarely, there are enough crops to sell for profit. Another portion of the crop is sold to pay rent to the landowner for the next season. http://www.kirkwood.k12.mo.us/parent_student/khs/plattes/topics11-13/topics11-13.html

Sharecropping Activity

Northern Soldiers Supervised the South

Carpetbaggers Men from the North that went to the South after the Civil War to make money from the people of the South

Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave full citizenship to African Americans Stated that the federal government would enforce the law Overturned the Black Codes

Freedmen’s Bureau SAFARI Montage Established to help former slaves go to school SAFARI Montage Granger Collection

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/reconstruction-1877.htm

Compromise of 1877 Reconstruction ended in 1877 as a result of a compromise over the outcome of the election of 1876 Republicans (mostly in the North) ended the military occupation of the South in exchange for having their candidate Rutherford B. Hayes become President

“Who Killed Reconstruction?” DBQ Class Set Reading and Questions

DILI 3b: Reconstruction Policies/Problems

Continuing Legacy: “Jim Crow” Era Late 1800s to mid-1960s when Southern states required racial segregation in public schools, transportation, and other public facilities Racial segregation Based upon race Directed primarily against African Americans but other groups were also kept segregated (American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924). Library of Congress

Reconstruction and Segregation Segregation means to separate by race African Americans and whites were separated in public places (“racial segregation”) “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans They legalized segregation. SAFARI Montage http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/issues/jim-crow-laws

The Nystrom Atlas of U. S. History, P The Nystrom Atlas of U.S. History, P.86; © 2000 NTSTROM Division of Herff Jones, Inc.

Racial Segregation Explain or describe this cartoon: Library of Congress

Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case in 1896 that maintained segregation “Separate but equal” was legal

Examples of Jim Crow Laws Buses: “All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.” Alabama Railroads: “The conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car, when it is divided by a partition, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs.” Alabama Restaurants: “It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment.” Alabama Education: “The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately.” Florida

Establishment of the Ku Klux Klan Founded in Tennessee by 6 rebels Became the most powerful secret society in the South Members threatened, beat, and even killed African Americans Burned schools and churches in night raids Disrupted elections (there were more than 100,000 more eligible African American voters than white) SAFARI Montage

Establishment of the Ku Klux Klan Today About 100 different chapters As many as 5,000 members Strongest in the South and Midwest Monitored by the FBI for hate crimes and Civil Rights violations

Rights Lost Due to Jim Crow Violated the Reconstruction Amendments which guaranteed equal protection under the law for all born in the U.S. History Alive! The United States – Transparencies 1-Lessons 1-22 – 2002 – Transparency #22A-The Road to Reconstruction

Rights Lost Due to Jim Crow The right to vote The right to serve on juries Made discrimination legal in many communities and states Unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government NAACP – 1958 sign at Illinois Railway Station – Jackson, Mississippi

Frederick Douglass Biography Link Former slave and human rights activist Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights Was a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties, or rights and freedoms, for all (including women and minorities) Biography Link http://www.nps.gov/hafe/historyculture/frederick-douglass-at-harpers-ferry.htm

Reconstruction Legacies: Lincoln, Lee, Douglass Notes Complete the review page for these three gentlemen.

DILI 3c: Reconstruction Legacies

Booker T. Washington Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education / job training Established the Tuskegee Institute Accepted social segregation Ways to remember him: “T” for training/Tuskegee “Book” for education

W.E.B. DuBois SAFARI Montage Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans Helped to found the NAACP Believed in immediate integration (no segregation) Ways to remember him: Wanted “D’bois and d’girls full freedom!” SAFARI Montage

Comparing Washington and DuBois Use the class set readings to fill in the facts about Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Think: Where are they from? What are their backgrounds? What did they believe? How did their peers respond to them?

“Worse Than Slavery” Cartoon Analysis

DILI 4c: Constraints Faced

Study Guide Review! Review: Safari Summary 7 minutes

Reconstruction Amendments FREE CITIZENS VOTE! 13th Amendment – banned slavery 14th Amendment – established citizenship 15th Amendment – can’t deny the vote based on race ALL – guarantee equal protection under the law