Tratamiento específico para la deficiencia de A1AT: ¿Cómo funciona y qué habrá en el futuro? Robert A. Sandhaus, MD, PhD, FCCP National Jewish Health University of Colorado Alpha-1 Foundation AlphaNet

Potential Conflicts Served on advisory boards and/or have presented at events sponsored by: Bayer, Grifols, CSL Behring, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Kamada, Tuteur Receive salary from two not-for-profit organizations that receive industry funding: Alpha-1 Foundation and AlphaNet

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) 52,000 molecular weight protein coded for by single gene on long arm of chromosome 14 Synthesis predominantly in the liver, but also expressed by other cells Transported to blood where it bathes all tissues Prototype SERPIN Primary target: neutrophil elastase Acute phase reactant Anti-inflammatory 52,000 molecular weight protein coded for by single gene on long arm of chromosome 14 Synthesis predominantly in the liver, but also expressed by other cells Transported to blood where it bathes all tissues Prototype SERPIN Primary target: neutrophil elastase Acute phase reactant Anti-inflammatory

Diseases associated with AATD Lung disease – Pulmonary emphysema – Bronchiectasis Liver disease – Fulminant liver failure of the newborn – Cirrhosis in the adult Other – Necrotizing panniculitis – Granulomatosis with polyangiitis – ± Susceptibility to non-tuberculous mycobacteria

The Lung in Alpha-1 Silverman & Sandhaus, NEJM 2009;360:

The Liver in Alpha-1 Silverman & Sandhaus, NEJM 2009;360:

Specific therapy Of these only pulmonary emphysema caused by AATD has a specific therapy – Known as Replacement Therapy or Augmentation therapy – Human plasma derived alpha-1 antitrypsin protein – “Alpha 1 Proteinase Inhibitor (Human)” – Goal of therapy: Slow or halt progression of emphysema – No expected benefit to liver or other disease associated with AATD

Evidence for Effectiveness Biochemical evidence – Weekly i.v. administration at 60 mg/kg body weight Raises trough blood levels above “magic protective level” Raises lung levels in BAL to normal range Clinical evidence – Multiple case controlled trials

Biochemical Efficacy Threshold. Biochemical Evidence in Support of Replacement Therapy Weeks Serum  1 -antitrypsin trough level (mg/dl)

Clinical Efficacy of Augmentation Therapy Observational studies in US (NHLBI Registry) and Germany (German-Danish study) – Decreased lung function decline – Decreased mortality (US) – German retrospective study Danish-Dutch randomized trial – Underpowered – Suggested decreased loss of CT lung density Canadian retrospective analysis EXACTLE – Randomized CT densitometry trial RAPID – Randomized CT densitometry trial The Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. AJRCCM 1998; 158:49 Seersholm, N, Kok-Kensen A, Dirksen A. AJRCCM 1995; 152:1922 Wencker M, Fuhrmann B, Banik N, et al. Chest 2001; 119: ERJ Express, February 5, 2009 Thorax in press

NIH Mortality Data

Canadian Data

EXACTLE Knowingly underpowered Prospectively defined CT densitometry endpoint barely missed Post-hoc CT densitometry analyses – Statistically significant reduction in loss of lung tissue – Combined data from Danish/Dutch and EXACTLE highly significant

RAPID Question if prospectively defined endpoint met CT densitometry at TLC statistically significant decrease in long tissue loss Extension study promising

RAPID A1-P1 Placebo Month Decline Adjusted Lung Density (g/L, 95% Cl)

Does Augmentation Therapy Work? Can depend on whom you ask If you ask me... – Yes

The Future Augmentation therapy – Inhaled therapy – Recombinant – Gene therapy Liver directed therapy – Gene silencing – Polymerization prevention – Depolymerization – Gene therapy – Stem cell therapy For lung repair For liver reconstitution

Sandhaus, NEJM 2012; 366:567 ✖

Summary Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (Alpha-1): – The most common genetic risk factor for COPD – Accounts for about 1% of all COPD, although most remain undiagnosed – Specific plasma-derived therapy and disease management is available that improves survival and lung tissue loss – The diagnosis of Alpha-1 is a laboratory diagnosis, not a clinical diagnosis All patients with COPD/EPOC should be tested for Alpha-1