The War Begins With the Declaration, the colonists were asking for war. –Colonists had to choose a side. Loyalists-those still loyal to Britain and opposed Independence. –Most thought British would win, and wanted to avoid punishment –Some Africans because British promised Freedom to those who fought. –Natives also supported Patriots-supporters of Independence 1

2 COLONISTSBRITISH STRENGTHS STRONG MILITARY LEADERS LARGE NUMBER OF TROOPS FOREIGN AIDPROFESSIONAL ARMY MORAL ADVANTAGEWEALTHY AGRICULTURALLY SELF- SUFFICIENT ABILITY TO HIRE MORE TROOPS LARGE AREA fighting on home ground WEAKNESSES DISORGANIZED,untrained, Weak navy 3,000 MILES AWAY: DIFFICULT TO GET SUPPLIES, ORDERS LACK OF UNITYWEAK GENERALS ECONOMIC PROBLEMSFRANCE WANTED REVENGE BOTH SIDES HAD STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

3 BATTLE OF SARATOGA WASHINGTON CROSSED THE DELAWARE RIVER THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE LASTED UNTIL 1783 WITH MANY PIVOTAL MOMENTS FOR EACH SIDE

The War U.S. Led by Washington, –Idolized, acted like soldier, lived with them –Suffered a lot of early defeats. –Saratoga, Valley Forge 4

Life during war Problems with paying soldiers. Solution for getting more money. –Just make it –Problem? Women’s roles 5

6 THE COLONISTS, WITH THE HELP OF THE FRENCH, FINALLY DEFEATED THE BRITISH AT THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN 1781

The End British Surrender at Yorktown –Were completely surrounded Treaty of Paris 1783 –Colonies were now idenpendent –Controlled everything to Miss. River. 7

8 U.S. AFTER THE 1783 TREATY OF PARIS, WHICH ENDED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Area given to the new U.S. by Great Britain in 1783

A new Gov. The citizens of U.S. Had to create a new gov. –Many favored a republic Were citizens rule through elected rep –Many wanted democracy Gov. directly by people 9

10 IN 1777 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION WERE WRITTEN BY THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS AS THE FIRST INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. IT WAS OFFICIALLY ADOPTED IN 1781.

Laws Each state had only one vote Powers divided between state and nat. gov. Nat. government had power to declare war, make peace, sign treaties –Could borrow money, set standard for money 11

12 THE ARTICLES REFLECTED THE FEAR OF A STRONG EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND LACKED THE ABILITY TO FUNCTION IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT AREAS WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION NO POWER TO TAX COULD NOT ENFORCE LAWS COULD NOT REGULATE TRADE COULD NOT BE CHANGED WITHOUT CONSENT OF ALL 13 STATES NO DIRECT POWER OVER CITIZENS

13 Slide 3

14 55 DELEGATES MET IN PHILADELPHIA IN SEPTEMBER 1787 AND DECIDED TO DRAFT A NEW CONSTITUTION RATHER THAN REVISE THE ARTICLES GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS CHOSEN AS THE PRESIDENT OF THE CONVENTION SOME OF THE DELEGATES FROM VARIOUS STATES

15 DIFFERENT FACTIONS AT THE CONVENTION  FACTIONS ARE GROUPS OF PEOPLE UNITED BY A COMMON BELIEF, LIKE AN INTEREST GROUP  SMALL STATES VERSUS LARGE STATES  SLAVE HOLDERS VERSUS ANTISLAVERY ADVOCATES  STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT VERSUS WEAK

16 DEBATE OVER REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS VIRGINIA PLAN LARGE STATE FAVORED NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES ALLOTTED BASED ON POPULATION NEW JERSEY PLAN SMALL STATE EQUAL NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES FOR EACH STATE

17 THE GREAT COMPROMISE THE DELEGATES AGREED ON TWO HOUSES IN CONGRESS, THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. THE SENATE WOULD HAVE EQUAL REPRESENTATION, MEANING EVERY STATE WAS ALLOTTED 2 SENATORS. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WOULD BE BASED ON POPULATION AND THEREFORE THE NUMBER WOULD VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.

18 SLAVERY: Do You count a slave as part of population? D  SOUTHERN DELEGATES INSISTED THAT SLAVES SHOULD COUNT AS PART OF A STATE’S POPULATION  THIS WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM THE ADVANTAGE IN CONGRESS AS THEIR POPULATION WOULD HAVE BEEN GREATER AS A REGION  NORTHERN DELEGATES DISAGREED AND REFUSED TO COUNT SLAVES AS PART OF THE STATE’S POPULATION FOR PURPOSES OF REPRESENTATION

19 THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE, SLAVE TRADE, AND FUGITIVE SLAVES THE SOUTHERN STATES WERE ALLOWED TO COUNT SLAVES AS 3/5 OF A PERSON FOR REPRESENTATION PURPOSES IN THE HOUSE. SLAVES WERE ALSO COUNTED TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF FEDERAL TAXES OWED BY EACH OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. THE SLAVE TRADE WAS ALLOWED TO CONTINUE UNTIL 1808, HOWEVER ALL OF THE NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS EXCEPT GEORGIA’S BANNED OVERSEAS SLAVE TRADE. ARTICLE I Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. ARTICLE IV SECTION 2 No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. ARTICLE I SECTION 2 Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. CLAUSE ON ESCAPED SLAVES

20 A FORM OF GOVERNMENT WHERE POWER IS SHARED BETWEEN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT. IN THE UNITED STATES THIS TRANSLATES TO A FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN WASHINGTON D.C., STATE GOVERNMENTS, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. IN THE U.S. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS MORE POWERFUL THAN THE STATE GOVERNMENTS, ALSO KNOWN AS NATIONAL SUPREMACY. THE DELEGATES AGREED THE BEST FORM OF GOVERNMENT WOULD BE FEDERALISM

21 ENFORCES THE LAWS HEADED BY THE PRESIDENT MAKES THE LAWS CONGRESS DIVIDED INTO TWO HOUSES: SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES INTERPRETS THE LAWS SUPREME COURT HIGHEST COURT THE DELEGATES AGREED ON SEPARATION OF POWERS

22 DEBATE OVER RATIFICATION FEDERALISTS Supporters of constitution ADVOCATED A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT NATIONAL SUPREMACY IN FAVOR OF RATIFICATION BILL OF RIGHTS UNNECESSARY SINCE GOVERNMENT HAD LIMITED POWERS ANTIFEDERALISTS IN FAVOR OF STRONG STATE GOVERNMENTS STATE SUPREMACY AGAINST RATIFICATION BILL OF RIGHTS ESSENTIAL TO GUARANTEE CITIZEN’S RIGHTS

23 IN ORDER TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION TWO-THIRDS OF THE STATES, NINE, HAD TO APPROVE IT. THE PROCESS BEGAN IN DECEMBER OF 1787 WITH STATE CONVENTIONS SOME OF WHICH WERE HEATED DEBATES AND OTHERS WERE UNANIMOUSLY IN FAVOR. STATEDATE VOTE IN CONVENTION DELAWAREDECEMBER 7, 1787UNANIMOUS PENNSYLVANIADECEMBER 12, TO 23 NEW JERSEYDECEMBER 18, 1787UNANIMOUS GEORGIAJANUARY 2, 1788UNANIMOUS CONNECTICUTJANUARY 9, TO 40 MASSACHUSETTSFEBRUARY 7, TO 168 MARYLANDAPRIL 28, TO 11 SOUTH CAROLINAMAY 23, TO 73 NEW HAMPSHIREJUNE 21, TO 46 VIRGINIAJUNE 26, TO 79 NEW YORKJULY 26, TO 27 NORTH CAROLINANOVEMBER 21, TO 77 RHODE ISLANDMAY 29, TO 32

24 THE BILL OF RIGHTS IN THE BATTLEGROUND STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS THERE WAS MUCH SKEPTICISM ABOUT THE CONSTITUTION. ANTI- FEDERALISTS LOBBIED HARD AT THE CONVENTION TO REQUIRE A BILL OF RIGHTS BE ADDED IN ORDER TO GUARANTEE RATIFICATION. THIS STARTED A MOMENTUM WHICH LED TO THE EVENTUAL ADDITION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS, WRITTEN IN 1789 BY MADISON AND RATIFIED BY THE STATES OVER THE NEXT TWO YEARS.

Turn to page 96 Read through the “Bill of Rights”, find one that affects you the most. –For the one that affects you the most write 2-3 paragraphs explaining why It is so important to you. Explain why and how different your life would be w/o it. –What one should be changed and why? –Also if you could write your own amendment what would it be. Should be at least a page in length. Be serious 25