Marine Fuels Where are we? Where are we going? How will we get there?

Sulfur content vs. Viscosity Grade -- 2006 Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

2006 Fuel Quality by Sulfur Range 0.5% Sulfur Increments Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

2006 Fuel Quality by Sulfur Range 0.5% Sulfur Increments Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Where Are We Going?* From: “The Impact of Marine Emission Legislation on the Bunker Industry”, by Robin Meech, presented at IPIECA Workshops on Marpol Annex VI Singapore, Washington, Brussels, February 2006 RMeech@RobinMeech.com Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Residue Properties Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Blending to Low % Sulfur Specs Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Blending to a Low Sulfur Limit Examples, IFO to 1.5% S Examples, Residue to 0.5% S Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

From: Refining to Meet Low S Bunker Fuel, A * From: Refining to Meet Low S Bunker Fuel, A. Madden, Exxon Mobil, Marpol Annex VI consultation Meeting, February 23, 2006 Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Tanker Case Study* from Well to Hull SOURCE: Energy Use and Emissions from Marine Vessels: A Total Fuel Life Cycle Approach, J. J. Winebrake, J.J. Corbett and P.E. Meyer, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, January 2007. Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Near Term Practical Considerations Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Changeover Calculations 4.5 MT/hr consumption. Full service and settling tanks at start of change-over  HFO % Sulfur LSFO %Sulfur Change-over time to reach 1.5% S 4 1.5   99 3 92 2 76 1 45 38 27

Changeover Calculations 4.5 MT/hr consumption. 25% fill of service and empty settling tank at start of change-over HFO % Sulfur LSFO % Sulfur Change-over time to reach 1.5% S (hours) 4 1.5   22 3 20 2 16 1 8 7 5

Possible Quality Problems with Low Sulfur Residual Fuel Fuel Stability / Compatibility Ignition / Combustion Quality Higher Abrasives Content Unfamiliar Low Sulfur Cutter Stocks Greater Variability in Physical Properties Need for Lower TBN Cylinder Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Back-up Slides Section I Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Marine Exhaust Emissions Air 8.5 Kg Fuel Derived Emissions, g/Kw hr CO2 555 H2O 163 SOX 9.5 NOX 2.2 Particulates N/A Nitrogen 6715 Oxygen 1230 Fuel 175 g/Kw hr Engine (~ 7 MJ/Kw hr) 8675 g/Kw hr input 8675 g/Kw hr output MEMO: Fuel Composition Ratio’s Ratio’s % C 86.5 H/C 1.44 SO2/SO3 95/5 % H 10.4 C/S 89 NO/NO2 10/90 % S 2.7 C/N 202 Air/Fuel 49/1 % N 0.4 Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

How Does Marine Transport Fit into Global Emissions? Marine Residual Fuel Consumption _ Estimated @ 200 Million MeT/yr ~ 3.5 M B/D* 5.3% (4.2 vol. %) of Global Oil Consumption 1.9% of Global Energy Global CO2 from marine Fuels 645 MT/yr Global CO2 from Distillate and Fuel Consumption 9845** MT/yr (3086 MT) = *based on DNVPS average marine residual fuel density ** BP World Energy Outlook Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Global SOx (PM and Fuel N) A Different Story Global S from Marine Fuels 5.2 MT/yr Global S from Light and Medium distillate 5.2 MT/yr Global Fuel N from Marine = 0.8 MT/yr Global Fuel N from Light / Medium Distillates ≤0.05 MT/yr Global Particulates not quantified Assumes: Light Distillate 1500 ppm S Medium Distillate 2500 ppm S Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Table 6 - Container Ship Case Study SOURCE: Energy Use and Emissions from Marine Vessels: A Total Fuel Life Cycle Approach, J. J. Winebrake, J.J. Corbett and P.E. Meyer, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, January 2007. Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Typical Fuel Products Flow Plan Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

2 Year Average 216 181 98 148 Source: “BP World Energy Outlook” Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Air Emissions Regulations Scorecard In Place IMO Annex VI 4.5% S Global Cap on ISO RM grade fuels 1.5% S (6g SOx Kw hr) cap in SECA area Engine NOx limits (17g/Kw hr for ≤ 130 rpm EU 1999/32 and 2005/33 1.5% S SECA Cap CARB 0.5% S cap on MDO/ISO DMA requirement in 24 nm zone for auxiliary/diesel electric engines Various Local Area S caps Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger

Air Emissions Regulations Scorecard In the offing IMO BLG Working Group report Submission of revised Annex VI to MEPC EU stated plan for further reduction on % S (0.5%/2g SOx/Kw hr) EPA stated plan to apply for ECA designation Cooperating with Canada and Mexico CARB/CA “no net increase in emissions” policy Other jurisdictions eyeing SECA designation Intertanko proposal to require distillate fuel Broad action likely on PM Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger