Industrialization Spreads Ch 9.3

California Standards 10.3.2- Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison). 10.3.3- Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and the growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution. 10.3.5- Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and capital in an industrial economy. 10.4.1- Describe the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism.

Warm-Up Industrialization Today Name countries that are industrialized and developing. Create a T-Chart like the example shown Hint: industrialized countries have strong economies, while developing nations have weak economies

Industrialized Countries United States Any European nation (Britain, France, Italy, etc.) Australia Japan Why do you think these countries industrialized?

Developing Countries Most African nations Most Asian nations Many South American nations Why do you think these nations have problems industrializing?

Industrialization Spreads The industrialization that began in Great Britain spread to other parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution (I.R.) in Great Britain set the stage for the growth of modern cities in other countries and encouraged a “global economy” How?...The I.R. spread to countries that had conditions similar to those in Great Britain. Why?...Eventually the I. R. spread to the U.S. and to continental Europe because other countries want to adopt the profitable new methods of manufactured goods.

Industrialization Spreads Industrialization is going to spread to…… United States Belgium Germany Other places in Europe based on region not country Spain’s Catalonia Northern Italy Moscow, Russia

United States The United States possessed the same resources that allowed Britain to industrialize Rivers Rich deposits of coal and iron ore Supply of laborers Farm workers Immigrants

United States Textile Industries Industrialization began in the textile industry. Britain tried to keep the secrets of industrialization to themselves However, Samuel Slater, a British mill worker, emigrated to the U.S. and built a spinning machine Moses Brown opened first factory in the U.S. housing Slater’s machines

United States Textile Industries As inventions led to more innovations, Francis Cabot Lowell of Boston and a few others revolutionized the American textile industry. They mechanized every stage in the manufacturing of cloth. By late 1820s, Lowell, Massachusetts, had become a booming manufacturing center and model for other towns.

United States Textile Industries Thousands of single young women flocked from their rural homes to work as mill girls in factory towns. Now they made higher wages and had some independence Worked more than 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, for decent wages

United States Industrial Expansion Post Civil War technological boom Wealth of natural resources Oil, coal, iron Burst of inventions Light bulb and telephone Growing urban population Large market to consume goods

United States Industrial Expansion Railroads p. 296 Allowed cities to expand rapidly Cities were able to sell their products to the rest of the country Railroads became a profitable business and set the standards for business in the U.S.

United States Industrial Expansion Rise of Corporations Building large businesses like the railroads required a lot of money. Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock (shares of the business ownership) to gain funding (capital) The people who bought up the stock became part owners of these businesses, called corporations (a business owned by stockholders who share in the profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.). Corporation were then able to gather large amounts of capital to invest in industrial equipment. In the late 1800s, companies like Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel Company sprang up and tried to control every aspect of their own industries in order to earn great profits.

Corporations Today McDonald’s Wal-Mart Microsoft Sony Billabong

Continental Europe Industrializes European countries wanted to adopt the British profitable new ways of making manufactured goods. Troubles sparked by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars delayed industrialization. Halted trade Interrupted communication Caused inflation in some parts of the continent

Belgium

Belgium Belgium led Europe in adopting Britain’s new technology It had rich deposits of iron ore and coal Waterways for transportation British carpenter, William Cockerill, illegally made his way to Belgium with secret plans for building spinning machinery His son built an enormous industrial enterprise in eastern Belgium. Produced mechanical equipment, steam engines, and railway locomotives.

Germany

Germany Delayed Industrialization Politically divided in the early 1800s Economic isolation Scattered resources Pockets of industrialization appeared Ruhr Valley of west central Germany Around 1835, Germany began to borrow from the British. Imported equipment and engineers Built railroads that linked its manufacturing cities with its natural resources Economic strength led to military strength as Germany became a industrial and military giant

France

France Sustained growth occurred after 1830 More measured and controlled than in other countries because their agricultural economy remained strong. Therefore, they avoided the great social and economic problems caused by industrialization. Railroad construction after 1850 created a thriving national market for products.

Pockets of Industrialization Bohemia (Czech Republic) developed a spinning industry Spain’s Catalonia processed more cotton than Belgium Northern Italy mechanized its textile production Moscow (Russia) ran factories with serf labor

Pockets of Industrialization

Spain Bohemia Russia Italy

Obstacles to Industrial Growth French Revolution and wars Halted trade Interrupted communication Caused inflation in some parts of the continent Political disunity German Confederation Social structure Geographic problems Austria-Hungary’s mountains halted railroads Spain lacked both good roads and waterways for canals

The Impact of Industrialization It increased competition between industrialized nations and poverty in less-developed To keep factories running and workers fed, industrialized countries required a steady supply of raw materials from less-developed lands. Poor countries were viewed as markets for industrialized products This led to many industrialized nations extending their rule over many less developed nations, a concept called Imperialism